{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:25:12Z","timestamp":1787772312659,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n \n Dental caries is the most prevalent oral disease.\n Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n plays a major role in the occurrence of dental caries. Many antibacterial agents have been developed against dental caries. However, they lack the qualities of an ideal agent. Thus presently, antibacterial activity of herbal agents is being extensively studied.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n In the present study, ethanol extract of\n Terminalia chebula<\/jats:italic>\n was prepared and mouthrinse was formulated. A total of 60 children meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into study and control group and respective mouthrinses were administered. Salivary\n Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n count was assessed at 5 and 60 minutes after rinsing and compared with baseline values. Substantivity of the rinse was assessed among 10 children. Mouthrinse was given to the children and salivary\n Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n counts were assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 hours postrinsing. Mann-Whitney U test was used to assess the variance of factors like Decayed Missed Filled Teeth, plaque scores, and gingival scores. ANCOVA (Analysis of covariance) was used to determine the change in salivary\n Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n colony forming units taking baseline values as covariates.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n It was observed that there was 44.42% reduction in salivary\n Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n colony forming units 5 minutes after rinsing as compared with baseline values and 64.14% reduction in\n Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n colony forming units at 60 minutes after rinsing as compared with baseline values. There was a reduction of 35.48% in salivary\n Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n colony forming units at 60 minutes after rinsing as compared with 5 minutes sample.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n counts were low up to 6 hours postrinsing among 80% of the children.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.105016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,21]],"date-time":"2012-12-21T04:11:33Z","timestamp":1356063093000},"page":"231-236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Effectiveness of mouthrinse formulated from ethanol extract of Terminalia chebula fruit on salivary Streptococcus mutans among 12 to 15 year old school children of Belgaum city: A randomized field trial"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"SS","family":"Nayak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Dentistry, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, KLE University, Belgaum, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AV","family":"Ankola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Dentistry, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, KLE University, Belgaum, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SC","family":"Metgud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, JN Medical college, KLE University, Belgaum, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U","family":"Bolmal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, KLE College of Pharmacy, Belgaum, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R2-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60031-2","article-title":"Dental Caries","volume":"369","author":"Selwitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R3-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2008.01279.x","article-title":"Has the prevalence of periodontitis changed during the last 30 years.?","volume":"35","author":"Hugoson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R4-20260227","first-page":"3","article-title":"The global increase in dental caries. A pending public health crisis","volume":"22","author":"Bagramian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Dent"},{"key":"R5-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2009.09.018","article-title":"Changes in the oral health of US children and adolescents and dental public health infrastructure since the release of the Healthy People 2010 Objectives","volume":"9","author":"Tomar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"R6-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2007.0076","article-title":"Poverty, oral health and human development: Contemporary issues affecting the provision of primary oral health care","volume":"138","author":"Hobdell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"R7-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491012500609","article-title":"Trends in oral health by poverty status as measured by healthy people 2010 objectives","volume":"125","author":"Dye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"R8-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2001.65.10.tb03446.x","article-title":"The microbiology of primary dental caries in humans","volume":"65","author":"Tanzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Dent Educ"},{"key":"R9-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.50.4.353-380.1986","article-title":"Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay","volume":"50","author":"Loesche","year":"1986","journal-title":"Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R10-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-83242009000500007","article-title":"Antimicrobial agents used in the control of periodontal biofilms: Effective adjuncts to mechanical plaque control?","volume":"23","author":"Teles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"key":"R11-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(05)80337-3","article-title":"Adverse effects of mouthwash use","volume":"80","author":"Gagani","year":"1995","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"R12-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2009.00419.x","article-title":"Parotid gland swelling following mouthrinse use","volume":"8","author":"Van der Weijden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Dent Hyg"},{"key":"R13-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1159\/000077752","article-title":"Changes in dental caries 1953-2003","volume":"38","author":"Marthaler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"R14-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(99)00058-6","article-title":"Potential of the aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula as an anticaries agent","volume":"68","author":"Jagtap","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"R15-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.35823","article-title":"Use of an aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula as an anticaries agent: A clinical study","volume":"18","author":"Carounanidy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"R16-20260227","first-page":"55","article-title":"The efficacy of Terminalia chebula rinse on Streptococcus mutans count in saliva and its effect on salivary pH","volume":"8","author":"Nayak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"R18-20260227","first-page":"151","article-title":"Terminalia chebula: An update","volume":"1","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacognosy Rev"},{"key":"R19-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1300\/J044v13n02_10","article-title":"Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Terminalia chebula Retz. 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