{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T08:56:27Z","timestamp":1789635387154,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become a global pandemic. Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) is very common manifestation of HIV infection. Moreover, different opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis (TB) and malignancies may present with lymphadenopathy.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>\n                      complex (MAC) infection is most common with cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ count \u226450 cells\/\u03bcL. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) offers a simple and effective modality for obtaining a representative sample of the material from lymph nodes, permitting cytological evaluation and other investigations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims and Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study is to find out the different etiologies of lymphadenopathy in HIV-infected patients and to establish a possible correlation with CD4+ count.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 100 HIV-infected patients having significant (&gt;1 cm) extrainguinal lymphadenopathy were studied in 1 year at the Department of Pathology by FNAC and the stains used were Leishman\u2013Giemsa, Ziehl\u2013Neelsen (ZN), Papanicoloau, and Gram stains. For tubercular culture, L\u00f6wenstein\u2013Jensen (LJ) medium was used. CD4+count was done by flow cytometer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study revealed four types of cytomorphological variants in lymphadenopathy cases by FNAC, which include: Reactive hyperplasia and caseation necrosis; caseation necrosis and ill-formed granuloma; well-formed granuloma without any necrosis; and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The highest acid-fast bacilli (AFB) positivity was among the patients showing caseation necrosis. Tubercular culture in LJ media turned out as a more sensitive method for diagnosis than routine ZN staining. The 2 cases that showed well-formed epithelioid granuloma without any necrosis turned out to be histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis, respectively. In this study, we found 2 cases of NHL. The study also revealed that caseation necrosis and AFB positivity along with opportunistic infections increases with decreased CD4+ count.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9371.182518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,16]],"date-time":"2016-08-16T01:48:55Z","timestamp":1471312135000},"page":"66-70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Etiological study of lymphadenopathy in HIV-infected patients in a tertiary care hospital"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Dipanwita","family":"Nag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumedha","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayandip","family":"Nandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjana","family":"Bandyopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debjani","family":"Roychowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raja","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-2-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200001010-00010","article-title":"Risk factors for developing tuberculosis in HIV-1-infected adults from communities with low or very high incidence of tuberculosis","volume":"23","author":"Wood","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R2-2-20260203","first-page":"256","article-title":"Correlation between baseline CD4 + T-Lymphocyte count and plasma viral load in AIDS patients and their early clinical and immunological response to HAART: A preliminary study","volume":"26","author":"Gautam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R3-2-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.5.1292","article-title":"Relationship of the manisfestations of tuberculosis to CD4 cell counts in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"148","author":"Jones","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"R4-2-20260203","first-page":"99","article-title":"Spectrum of opportunistic infections in AIDS: Trends from India","volume":"4","author":"Sengupta","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Clin Med"},{"key":"R5-2-20260203","first-page":"135","article-title":"Pattern of opportunistic pulmonary infections in HIV sero-positive subjects: Observations from Pondicherry, India","volume":"41","author":"Arora","year":"1999","journal-title":"Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci"},{"key":"R6-2-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1737.32231","article-title":"Manifestation of tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. 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