{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T13:22:10Z","timestamp":1790428930535,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intraoperative cytology and frozen section play an important role in the diagnosis of neurosurgical specimens. There are limitations in both these procedures but understanding the errors and pitfalls may help in increasing the diagnostic yield.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To find the diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative cytology and frozen section for central and peripheral nervous system (PNS) lesions and analyze the errors, pitfalls, and limitations in these procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Settings and Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighty cases were included in this prospective study in a span of 1.5 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The crush preparations and the frozen sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin method. The diagnosis of crush smears and the frozen sections were compared with the diagnosis in the paraffin section, which was considered as the gold standard.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical Analyses Used:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The diagnostic accuracy of crush smears was 91.25% with a sensitivity of 95.5% and specificity of 100%. In the frozen sections, the overall diagnostic accuracy was 95%, sensitivity was 96.8%, and specificity was 100%. The categories of pitfalls noted in this study were categorization of spindle cell lesions, differentiation of oligodendroglioma from astrocytoma in frozen sections, differentiation of coagulative tumor necrosis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) from the caseous necrosis of tuberculosis, grading of gliomas in frozen section, and differentiation of the normal granular cells of the cerebellum from the lymphocytes in cytological smears.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Crush smear and frozen section are complimentary procedures. When both are used together, the diagnostic yield is substantially increased.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9371.182530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,16]],"date-time":"2016-08-16T01:48:55Z","timestamp":1471312135000},"page":"93-97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Errors, limitations, and pitfalls in the diagnosis of central and peripheral nervous system lesions in intraoperative cytology and frozen sections"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Chand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonal","family":"Amit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghvendra","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asha","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-7-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.55598","article-title":"Challenges in neurosurgical intraoperative consultation","volume":"57","author":"Rao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"R3-7-20260203","first-page":"483","article-title":"Accuracy of cytological diagnosis of central nervous system tumours in crush preparation","volume":"49","author":"Shukla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"R4-7-20260203","first-page":"133","article-title":"Utility of intra-operative consultations for the diagnosis of central nervous system lesions","volume":"31","author":"Savargoankar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"R5-7-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9371.71870","article-title":"Squash preparation: A reliable diagnostic tool in the intraoperative diagnosis of central nervous system tumors","volume":"27","author":"Mitra","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cytol"},{"key":"R6-7-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.5858\/2007-131-1532-FSDITE","article-title":"Frozen section discrepancy in the evaluation of central nervous system tumors","volume":"131","author":"Plesec","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"R7-7-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1060580","article-title":"Intraoperative frozen section diagnosis in skull base surgery","volume":"3","author":"Gandour-Edwards","year":"1993","journal-title":"Skull Base Surg"},{"key":"R8-7-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30539-4","article-title":"Smears and frozen sections in the intraoperative diagnosis of central nervous system lesions","volume":"5","author":"Folkerth","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am"},{"key":"R9-7-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1159\/000331614","article-title":"Intraoperative diagnosis of nervous system lesions","volume":"42","author":"Di Stefano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"R10-7-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.1999.11740907","article-title":"Smear technique in the intra-operative brain tumor diagnosis: Its advantages and limitations","volume":"21","author":"Slowi\u0144ski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"R11-7-20260203","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of the squash smear technique in the rapid diagnosis of central nervous system tumors: A cytomorphological study","volume":"11","author":"Pawar","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISPUB"},{"key":"R12-7-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3126\/kumj.v6i4.1734","article-title":"Intraoperative consultation and smear cytology in the diagnosis of brain tumours","volume":"6","author":"Kini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ"},{"key":"R13-7-20260203","first-page":"152","article-title":"Role of squash-smear technique for rapid diagnosis of neurosurgical biopsies: A Cytomorphological evaluation","volume":"32","author":"Asha","year":"1989","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"R14-7-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1159\/000332104","article-title":"Squash preparation and frozen section in intraoperative diagnosis of central nervous system tumors","volume":"42","author":"Shah","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"R15-7-20260203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1159\/000326028","article-title":"Cytopathology of the central nervous system. 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