{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T02:16:41Z","timestamp":1785205001323,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>In India diurnally subperiodic filariasis (DspWB) is prevalent only in the Nicobar district of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Studies undertaken at different points of time indicate that this form of filariasis is restricted to a small region in Nancowry group of islands where it is transmitted by mosquito <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Downsiomyia nivea<\/jats:italic>, a day biting mosquito. Studies on prevalence, distribution, and assessment of endemicity status, vector incrimination, bioecology, host seeking behaviour, population dynamics of the vector, transmission dynamics and clinical epidemiology indicate the prevalence and persistence of this infection in the Nancowry group of islands with perennial transmission. There was no control programme in these islands, until the National programme to eliminate filariasis was launched in 2004. Eight rounds of annual mass drug administration (MDA) with diethyl carbamazine (DEC) + albendazole have been completed. Despite this, microfilaria prevalence remains at above one per cent, the level identified for initiating transmission assessment survey to decide on continuation of MDA further. This necessitates adjunct measures to the ongoing MDA programme in these islands. The vector control options could be an adjunct measure, but the vector is a forest dweller with a unique bio-ecology, therefore, not a technically feasible option. Use of DEC fortified salt for six months to one year could hasten the process of elimination. Although administration of DEC-fortified salt is simple, rapid, safe, and cost-effective, challenges are to be tackled for evolving operationally realistic strategy. Such a strategy requires commitment of all sections of the society, a distribution mechanism that ensures the use of DEC-fortified salt in the Nancowry islands. Here we discuss the plan of action to serve the indigenous communities and operationalizing DEC fortified salt strategy through an inter-sectoral approach involving multiple stakeholders.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.159537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T19:02:45Z","timestamp":1734634965000},"page":"598-607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diurnally subperiodic filariasis among the Nicobarese of Nicobar district - epidemiology, vector dynamics &amp; prospects of elimination"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"A.N.","family":"Shriram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Krishnamoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Vijayachari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","reference":[{"key":"R2-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.11.014","article-title":"Review on global co-transmission of human Plasmodium species and Wuchereria bancrofti by Anopheles mosquitoes","volume":"10","author":"Manguin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"R3-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.68650","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis in India: epidemiology and control measures","volume":"56","author":"Raju","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"R4-14-20241212","first-page":"233","article-title":"S. Bancroftian filariasis in Thailand, a new endemic area","volume":"1","author":"Harinasuta","year":"1970","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Health"},{"key":"R5-14-20241212","first-page":"112","article-title":"Filariasis in Southeast Asia","volume":"10","author":"Mak","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med"},{"key":"R6-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(98)00037-0","article-title":"A review of the present status of lymphatic filariasis in Vietnam","volume":"70","author":"Meyrowitsch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"R7-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3376\/1081-1710-33.2.313","article-title":"Susceptibility of various mosquitoes in Thailand to nocturnal subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti","volume":"33","author":"Pothikasikorn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"R8-14-20241212","first-page":"560","article-title":"Implication of forest mosquitoes in the transmission of W. bancrofti in Thailand","volume":"42","author":"Gould","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mosq News"},{"key":"R9-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90478-6","article-title":"Epidemiology of sub periodic W. bancrofti infection in the Nicobar Islands, India","volume":"89","author":"Tewari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R10-14-20241212","first-page":"153","article-title":"Filariasis","volume":"I","author":"Buck","year":"1991"},{"key":"R11-14-20241212","first-page":"703","article-title":"Medical organization and diseases of Andaman and Nicobar Islands","volume":"41","author":"Wilcock","year":"1942","journal-title":"Abst Trop Dis Bull"},{"key":"R12-14-20241212","first-page":"193","article-title":"A note on malaria and filariasis in Andaman and Nicobar","volume":"6","author":"Basu","year":"1958","journal-title":"Bull Nat Soc Indian Mal Mosq Dis"},{"key":"R13-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2004.00144.x","article-title":"Phylogeny and classification of Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae) based on morphological characters of all life stages","volume":"142","author":"Reinert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zool J Linn Soc"},{"key":"R15-14-20241212","first-page":"40","article-title":"Filariasis among the aborigines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands","volume":"6","author":"Kalra","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"R16-14-20241212","first-page":"15","article-title":"Filariasis in Andaman and Nicobar Islands I. Survey findings. Nancowry, Teressa, Chowra, Car Nicobar and Port Blair","volume":"7","author":"Russel","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"R17-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(51)80004-X","article-title":"The periodicity of microfilariae. II. The explanation of its production","volume":"45","author":"Hawking","year":"1951","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R18-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(66)90275-6","article-title":"The periodicity of microfilariae. XI. The effect of body temperature and other stimuli upon the cycles of Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, B. ceylonensis and Dirofilaria repens","volume":"60","author":"Hawking","year":"1966","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R19-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(67)90041-7","article-title":"The periodicity of microfilariae. Movements of Dipetalonema witei microfilariae in the lungs","volume":"61","author":"Hawking","year":"1967","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R20-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00025554","article-title":"The mechanisms which affect the periodic cycle of Pacific Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae","volume":"55","author":"Hawking","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"R21-14-20241212","first-page":"251","article-title":"Filariasis in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Part II. Periodicity of microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti","volume":"7","author":"Das","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"R23-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1958.11685885","article-title":"Notes on the culicine mosquitoes of Singapore IV- The Aedes niveus sub group (Diptera: Culicidae): Introduction and description of five new species and of one new subspecies","volume":"52","author":"Colless","year":"1958","journal-title":"Ann Med Trop Parasitol"},{"key":"R24-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1959.11685914","article-title":"Notes on the culicine mosquitoes of Singapore V- The Aedes niveus sub group (Diptera: Culicidae): Previously described species and keys to adults and larvae","volume":"53","author":"Colless","year":"1959","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"R25-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00949.x","article-title":"Prevalence of diurnally subperiodic bancroftian filariasis among the Nicobarese in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India: effect of age and gender","volume":"7","author":"Shriram","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R26-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1179\/136485907X176454","article-title":"Diurnally subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti in the Nicobar Islands, India: evaluating the true prevalence of microfilaraemia","volume":"101","author":"Shriram","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"R27-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.273","article-title":"Diurnal pattern of human biting activity and transmission of sub periodic Wuchereria bancrofti (Filariidea: Dipetalonematidae) by Ochlerotatus niveus on the Andaman & Nicobar Islands of India","volume":"72","author":"Shriram","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am j Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R28-14-20241212","first-page":"37","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of diurnally subperiodic lymphatic filariasis transmitted by Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) niveus in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands","volume":"127","author":"Shriram","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R29-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2010.11.009","article-title":"Population dynamics, age composition and survival of Downsiomyia nivea in relation to transmission of diurnally subperiodic filariasis","volume":"14","author":"Shriram","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Asia-Pacific Entomol"},{"key":"R30-14-20241212","first-page":"167","article-title":"Survival of diurnally sub periodic Wuchereria bancrofti in Downsiomyia nivea (Diptera: Culicidae): a density dependent factor from Andaman & Nicobar Islands","volume":"139","author":"Shriram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R33-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.02.004","article-title":"Impact of MDA and the prospects of elimination of the lone focus of diurnally sub periodic lymphatic filariasis in Nicobar Islands, India","volume":"133","author":"Shriram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"R34-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475513482123","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis elimination programme in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India: drug coverage and compliance post eight rounds of MDA","volume":"43","author":"Sunish","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"R35-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773211Y.0000000008","article-title":"Epidemiological assessment of continuing transmission of lymphatic filariasis in Samoa","volume":"105","author":"Joseph","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"R36-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2006.00629.x","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of lymphatic filariasis: vector-specific density dependence in the development of Wuchereria bancrofti infective larvae in mosquitoes","volume":"20","author":"Snow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"R37-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00620.x","article-title":"The global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis","volume":"5","author":"Ottesen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R38-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.50.655","article-title":"Diethyl carbamazine salt in the control of lymphatic filariasis","volume":"50","author":"Gelband","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R39-14-20241212","first-page":"405","article-title":"Control of Bancroftian filariasis by cooking salt medicated with diethylcarbamazine","volume":"37","author":"Hawking","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R40-14-20241212","first-page":"141","article-title":"Pilot experiments on the mass treatment of bancroftian filariasis with medicated food or drink","volume":"37","author":"Kanda","year":"1967","journal-title":"Jpn J Exp Med"},{"key":"R41-14-20241212","first-page":"195","article-title":"The effect of salt medicated with diethylcarbamazine in bancroftian filariasis","volume":"41","author":"Davis","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R42-14-20241212","first-page":"235","article-title":"Preliminary report of a pilot study on the use of diethylcarbamazine incorporated in common salt in a village endemic for Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis (Parbatpur district, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India)","volume":"42","author":"Raghavan","year":"1968","journal-title":"Patna J Med"},{"key":"R43-14-20241212","first-page":"1181","article-title":"Diethylcarbamazine medicated salt in the chemotherapeutic control of filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti in an open community","volume":"62","author":"Sen","year":"1974","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R44-14-20241212","first-page":"193","article-title":"Control of bancroftian filariasis with diethylcarbamazine medicated salt in open communities in rural and urban areas","volume":"8","author":"Krishna Rao","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"R45-14-20241212","first-page":"125","article-title":"Long term effect of diethylcarbamazine therapy in the control of filaria in an endemic village","volume":"1","author":"Katiyar","year":"1977","journal-title":"Indian J Parasitol"},{"key":"R46-14-20241212","first-page":"137","article-title":"Role of diethylcarbamazine mixed common salt in prophylaxis against bancroftian filariasis","volume":"11","author":"Narasimham","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"R47-14-20241212","first-page":"205","article-title":"Effect of diethylcarbamazine medicated common salt on Wuchereria bancrofti prophylaxis","volume":"12","author":"Krishna Rao","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"R48-14-20241212","first-page":"21","article-title":"Control of bancroftian filariasis by diethylcarbamazine medicated common salt in Karaikal, Pondicherry, India","volume":"21","author":"Narasimham","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"R49-14-20241212","first-page":"74","article-title":"Control of bancroftian filariasis by common salt medicated with diethylcarbamazine in Liehyu district, Kinmen (Quemoy) islands. II. Present state of filariasis after control","volume":"6","author":"Fan","year":"1975","journal-title":"Yonse Rep Trop Med"},{"key":"R50-14-20241212","first-page":"75","article-title":"Evaluation of combined method (chemotherapy and larvicide) and common salt medicated with diethylcarbamazine for filariasis control in Kinmen (Quemoy) islands, Republic of China","volume":"6","author":"Fan","year":"1975","journal-title":"Yonse Rep Trop Med"},{"key":"R51-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1975.11687041","article-title":"Control of bancroftian filariasis by common salt medicated with diethylcarbamazine in Liehyu (Little Kinmen), Kinmen (Quemoy) islands, Republic of China","volume":"69","author":"Fan","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"R52-14-20241212","first-page":"36","article-title":"Control of bancroftian filariasis by common salt medicated with diethylcarbamazine on Little Kinmen (Quemoy) island. Epidemiological study","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"1975","journal-title":"Chin J Microbiol"},{"key":"R53-14-20241212","first-page":"365","article-title":"Follow up survey on the long term effects of DEC medicated salt for the control of bancroftian filariasis","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"1979","journal-title":"Chin J Prevent Med"},{"key":"R54-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(90)90022-R","article-title":"Filariasis eradication on Kinmen Proper, Kinmen (Quemoy) Islands, Republic of China","volume":"47","author":"Fan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"R57-14-20241212","first-page":"CD003758","article-title":"Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)-medicated salt for community-based control of lymphatic filariasis","volume":"1","author":"Adinarayanan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Sys Rev"},{"key":"R58-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000007150","article-title":"Salt fortified with diethylcarbamazine (DEC) as an effective intervention for lymphatic filariasis, with lessons learned from salt iodization programmes","volume":"121","author":"Houston","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"R59-14-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2252-4","article-title":"Diurnally subperiodic filariasis in India - prospects of elimination: precept to action?","volume":"109","author":"Shriram","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/02223309-201541050-00014","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T22:55:49Z","timestamp":1751496949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/diurnally-subperiodic-filariasis-among-the-nicobarese-of-nicobar-district-epidemiology-vector-dynamics-prospects-of-elimination\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0971-5916.159537","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-5916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-5916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}}}