{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:56:39Z","timestamp":1785164199529,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background &amp; objectives:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Amitraz is a member of formamidine family of pesticides. Poisoning from amitraz is underrecognized even in areas where it is widely available. It is frequently misdiagnosed as organophosphate poisoning. This systematic review provides information on the epidemiology, toxicokinetics, mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features, diagnosis and management of amitraz poisoning.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Medline and Embase databases were searched systematically (since inception to January 2014) for case reports, case series and original articles using the following search terms: \u2018amitraz\u2019, \u2018poisoning\u2019, \u2018toxicity\u2019, \u2018intoxication\u2019 and \u2018overdose\u2019. Articles published in a language other than English, abstracts and those not providing sufficient clinical information were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The original search yielded 239 articles, of which 52 articles described human cases. After following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 32 studies describing 310 cases (151 females, 175 children) of human poisoning with amitraz were included in this systematic review. The most commonly reported clinical features of amitraz poisoning were altered sensorium, miosis, hyperglycaemia, bradycardia, vomiting, respiratory failure, hypotension and hypothermia. Amitraz poisoning carried a good prognosis with only six reported deaths (case fatality rate, 1.9%). Nearly 20 and 11.9 per cent of the patients required mechanical ventilation and inotropic support, respectively. The role of decontamination methods, namely, gastric lavage and activated charcoal was unclear.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Interpretation &amp; conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our review shows that amitraz is an important agent for accidental or suicidal poisoning in both adults and children. It has a good prognosis with supportive management.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.198723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,20]],"date-time":"2017-01-20T07:49:15Z","timestamp":1484898555000},"page":"348-358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Amitraz, an underrecognized poison"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Sahajal","family":"Dhooria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritesh","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","reference":[{"key":"R1-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719701601008","article-title":"An unusual poisoning with the unusual pesticide amitraz","volume":"16","author":"Jorens","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"R3-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-006-0019-x","article-title":"A near-fatal case of acute poisoning by amitraz\/xylene showing atrial fibrillation","volume":"25","author":"Vucinic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol"},{"key":"R4-8-20241212","first-page":"446","article-title":"Xylene\/amitraz: a pharmacologic review and profile","volume":"32","author":"Jones","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"R5-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2010.542159","article-title":"Amitraz poisoning in South Africa: a two year survey (2008-2009)","volume":"49","author":"Veale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila"},{"key":"R7-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1177\/096032718300200403","article-title":"Extrapolation from safety data to management of poisoning with reference to amitraz (a formamidine pesticide) and xylene","volume":"2","author":"Bonsall","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"R8-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_97399.x","article-title":"Near-fatal amitraz intoxication: the overlooked pesticide","volume":"97","author":"Elinav","year":"2005","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"R9-8-20241212","first-page":"317","article-title":"Amitraz poisoning \u2013 an unusual pesticide poisoning","volume":"58","author":"Shitole","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"R10-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.117092","article-title":"Amitraz: an unfamiliar poisoning with familiar pesticide","volume":"29","author":"Sweta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R11-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-012-0772-2","article-title":"Amitraz poisoning","volume":"80","author":"Varma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"R12-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.2.130","article-title":"Amitraz poisoning, an emerging problem: epidemiology, clinical features, management, and preventive strategies","volume":"88","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"R13-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2165\/00139709-200322020-00001","article-title":"Poisoning with amitraz","volume":"22","author":"Proudfoot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol Rev"},{"key":"R14-8-20241212","first-page":"507","article-title":"Amitraz poisoning in South Africa: an analysis of cases over the past 5 years","volume":"47","author":"Veale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"R15-8-20241212","first-page":"303","article-title":"Amitraz poisoning","volume":"48","author":"Tavanaei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"R16-8-20241212","first-page":"563","article-title":"Self-medication with amitraz for delusions of parasitosis: dermal exposure and a delayed presentation","volume":"49","author":"Jacob","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"R17-8-20241212","first-page":"295","article-title":"Incidence of poisoning in Rafsanjan, Iran","volume":"50","author":"Tavanaei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"R18-8-20241212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.6647","article-title":"Toxicovigilance. 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