{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:35:00Z","timestamp":1787841300158,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Advances in cardiac surgery has shifted paradigm of management to perioperative psychological illnesses. Delirium is a state of altered consciousness with easy distraction of thoughts. The pathophysiology of this complication is not clear, but identification of risk factors is important for positive postoperative outcomes. The goal of the present study was to prospectively identify the incidence, motoric subtypes, and risk factors associated with development of delirium in cardiac surgical patients admitted to postoperative cardiac intensive care, using a validated delirium monitoring instrument.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This is a prospective, observational study. This study included 120 patients of age 18\u201380 years, admitted to undergo cardiac surgery after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Specific preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data for possible risk factors were obtained. Once in a day, assessment of delirium was done. Continuous variables were measured as mean \u00b1 standard deviation, whereas categorical variables were described as proportions. Differences between groups were analyzed using Student's\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test, Mann\u2013Whitney U-test, or Chi-square test. Variables with a\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.1 were then used to develop a predictive model using stepwise logistic regression with bootstrapping.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Delirium was seen in 17.5% patients. The majority of cases were of hypoactive delirium type (85.72%). Multiple risk factors were found to be associated with delirium, and when logistic regression with bootstrapping applied to these risk factors, five independent variables were detected. History of hypertension (relative risk [RR] =6.7857,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0003), carotid artery disease (RR = 4.5000,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001) in the form of stroke or hemorrhage, noninvasive ventilation (NIV) use (RR = 5.0446,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001), Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay more than 10 days (RR = 3.1630,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0021), and poor postoperative pain control (RR = 2.4958,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0063) was associated with postcardiac surgical delirium.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients who developed delirium had systemic disease in the form of hypertension and cerebrovascular disease. Delirium was seen in patients who had higher postoperative pain scores, longer ICU stay, and NIV use. This study can be used to develop a predictive tool for diagnosing postcardiac surgical delirium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-9784.197841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,10]],"date-time":"2017-01-10T22:47:13Z","timestamp":1484088433000},"page":"76-82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Delirium after Cardiac Surgery: A Pilot Study from a Single Tertiary Referral Center"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ashok K","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Anaesthesia, Postgraduate Institute for Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aveek","family":"Jayant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Anaesthesia, Postgraduate Institute for Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"VK","family":"Arya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Anaesthesia, Postgraduate Institute for Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohan","family":"Magoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Anaesthesia, Postgraduate Institute for Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ridhima","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Anaesthesia, Postgraduate Institute for Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R16","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6790","article-title":"A comparison of the CAM-ICU and the NEECHAM Confusion Scale in intensive care delirium assessment: An observational study in non-intubated patients","volume":"12","author":"Van Rompaey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R2-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.21.2703","article-title":"Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: Validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU)","volume":"286","author":"Ely","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R3-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2008.08.020","article-title":"Delirium after cardiac surgery and predictive validity of a risk checklist","volume":"86","author":"Koster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"R4-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2004.08.031","article-title":"Postoperative delirium in the older patient","volume":"200","author":"Amador","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"R5-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-9784.142057","article-title":"Predicting mortality after congenital heart surgeries: Evaluation of the Aristotle and Risk Adjustement in Congenital Heart Surgery-1 risk prediction scoring systems: A retrospective single center analysis of 1150 patients","volume":"17","author":"Joshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Card Anaesth"},{"key":"R6-20250920","first-page":"3","article-title":"Scope of modern anesthetic practice","author":"Eriksson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Miller's Anesthesia"},{"key":"R7-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2014.10.019","article-title":"American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Postoperative Delirium in Older Adults. 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