{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:42:19Z","timestamp":1786650139872,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied the sleep macroarchitecture with polysomnography (PSG) in drug na\u00efve patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and reassessed them following treatment with levodopa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective hospital-based study included 15 patients with PD (age: 59 \u00b1 11.2 years, duration of PD: 11.8 \u00b1 12.3 months; and male: female (M:F) = 11:4). They were assessed for demography, phenotype, modified Hoehn and Yahr staging (H &amp; Y); Schwab and England and Activities of Daily Living (S and E ADL) Scale; and Unified PDRating Scale (UPDRS). Sleep was assessed using Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) comprehensive sleep disorder questionnaire. They underwent overnight PSG at baseline and after13.3 \u00b1 5.7 months of levodopa (440 mg\/day).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients with PD had responded to levodopa as indicated by the significant improvement in UPDRS motor score in ON state compared to OFF state. Nocturnal sleep quality indices did not vary significantly, but the excessive daytime somnolence improved (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04) with levodopa. Sleep efficiency (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.65), latency to sleep onset (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.19), latency to stage 1 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.12), and duration of stage 1 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.55) had increased. Duration of \u2018awake in bed\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.24), slow wave sleep (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.29), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.24) decreased with treatment. Periodic leg movements (PLMs) had reduced (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.68) and mean oxygen saturation during sleep improved (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002). Surprisingly, snore index (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.03) during sleep had increased with levodopa.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sleep alterations in PD occur even in early stages due to the disease process. There was improvement in most of the parameters of sleep macroarchitecture with levodopa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.160102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,7]],"date-time":"2015-07-07T02:21:27Z","timestamp":1436235687000},"page":"309-313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Serial macro-architectural alterations with levodopa in Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sanju P.","family":"Joy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjib","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pramod Kumar","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samhita","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Philip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun B.","family":"Taly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-9-20260109","first-page":"S117","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease","volume":"1","author":"Menza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R2-9-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S18897","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease patients and management options","volume":"3","author":"Claassen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"R3-9-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20624","article-title":"Sleep apnea syndrome in Parkinson's disease. 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