{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T17:10:33Z","timestamp":1790442633146,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"\n \n \n Background & objectives:<\/jats:italic>\n Rodents are important reservoir hosts for several zoonotic pathogens such as\n Rickettsia, Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n . Studies on the prevalence of zoonotic pathogens in Vietnam are data deficient, and there is a scarcity of data on multiple co-infections of zoonotic pathogens to date. This study examined the prevalence of\n Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n spp.,\n Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n spp., and\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n spp. and the co-infection of these pathogens in rodents captured in three provinces of northern Vietnam - Ha Giang, Lao Cai and Cao Bang.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:italic>\n In total, 133 rodents of 25 species were screened for pathogen prevalence by real-time PCR.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results:<\/jats:italic>\n Very high infection rates were found for each pathogen, with 42 of 133 rodents (31.6%) positive for\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n and 33 of 133 (24.8%) positive for\n Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n (5.3% were positive for\n Rickettsia typhi<\/jats:italic>\n , and 19.5% were infected with\n Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n spotted fever group). Additionally, 24 rodents (18%) were positive for\n Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n . Double infection among these three pathogens was found in 26 of 133 rodents (18.8%), with the highest dual infection rates for\n Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n co-infection (40%) and\n Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n co-infection (up to 40%), followed by\n Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n co-infection (20% of animals investigated). One case of triple infection was documented for a house rat\n (Rattus<\/jats:italic>\n cf.\n rattus<\/jats:italic>\n species group) trapped in Ha Giang province.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Interpretation & conclusion:<\/jats:italic>\n Our survey indicates that rodents in northern Vietnam may host multiple zoonotic pathogens simultaneously; thus, rodents contribute significantly to the increased risk of transmission of multiple zoonotic infections from animals to humans.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.321750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T05:57:43Z","timestamp":1637215063000},"page":"47-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Investigation of multiple infections with zoonotic pathogens of rodents in northern Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Le Thi Lan","family":"Anh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander E.","family":"Balakirev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Van","family":"Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.5.863-868.1988","article-title":"Influence of strain characteristics and immunity on the epidemiology of Campylobacter infections in Thailand","volume":"26","author":"Taylor","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R2-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0404.980403","article-title":"Ecologic studies of rodent reservoirs: their relevance for human health","volume":"4","author":"Mills","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R3-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2005.11.007","article-title":"Tropical rickettsioses","volume":"24","author":"Parola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"R4-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0399","article-title":"Seroprevalence of scrub typhus, typhus, and spotted fever among rural and urban populations of northern Vietnam","volume":"96","author":"Trung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R6-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1831","article-title":"Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of Orientia tsutsugamushi in small mammals in Hanoi, Vietnam","volume":"16","author":"Hotta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"R7-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e308","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030308","article-title":"Determining risk for severe leptospirosis by molecular analysis of environmental surface waters for pathogenic Leptospira.","volume":"3","author":"Ganoza","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"R8-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-147","article-title":"Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific region","volume":"9","author":"Victoriano","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R9-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1973.22.796","article-title":"Epidemiology of the acute fevers of unknown origin in South Vietnam: effect of laboratory support upon clinical diagnosis","volume":"22","author":"Berman","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R10-7-20240830","first-page":"707","article-title":"Emerging Bartonella in humans and animals in Asia and Australia","volume":"92","author":"Saisongkorh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"R11-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02120-07","article-title":"Bartonella tamiae sp. nov., a newly recognized pathogen isolated from three human patients from Thailand","volume":"46","author":"Kosoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R12-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(98)90787-8","article-title":"Human leptospirosis in the Mekong Delta, Viet Nam","volume":"92","author":"Van","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R13-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2107.141760","article-title":"Diversity of Bartonella spp. in bats, Southern Vietnam","volume":"21","author":"Anh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R14-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1604","article-title":"Bartonella species and trombiculid mites of rats from the Mekong Delta of Vietnam","volume":"15","author":"Loan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"R15-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1644\/10-MAMM-F-355.1","article-title":"Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild animals in research","volume":"92","author":"Gannon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"R16-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6196","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.16.6196","article-title":"Dynamics of mitochondrial DNA evolution in animals: amplification and sequencing with conserved primers","volume":"86","author":"Kocher","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"R20-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3640.4.2","article-title":"Revision of the genus Leopoldamys (Rodentia, Muridae) as inferred from morphological and molecular data, with a special emphasis on the species composition in continental Indochina","volume":"3640","author":"Balakirev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"R21-7-20240830","first-page":"33","article-title":"Contribution to the species composition and taxonomic status of some Rattus inhabiting Southern Vietnam and Sundaland","volume":"11","author":"Balakirev","year":"2012","journal-title":"RusJTheriol"},{"key":"R22-7-20240830","first-page":"e0205068","article-title":"2007 \u0110ong vat ch\u00ed Viet Nam \u2013 Fauna of Vietnam, 16. Ho m\u00f2 \u0111o Trombiculidae, Bo bo ch\u00e9t Siphonaptera. Nh\u00e0 xu\u00e1t ban Khoa hoc v\u00e0 K\u1ef9 thuat: 306 trang. Identification of Leptospira and Bartonella among rodents collected across a habitat disturbance gradient along the inter- Oceanic Highway in the southern Amazon Basin of Peru","volume":"13","author":"Ch\u00e2u","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"R23-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05620.x","article-title":"Invasion facilitates hybridization with introgression in the Rattus rattus species complex","volume":"21","author":"Lack","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"R24-7-20240830","first-page":"1523","article-title":"Bartonella species in rodents and shrews in the Greater Jakarta area","volume":"36","author":"Winoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"R25-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.429","article-title":"Prevalence and diversity of Bartonella in rodents of northern Thailand: A comparison with Bartonella in rodents from southern China","volume":"70","author":"Castle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R26-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0294","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic heterogeneity of Bartonella strains cultured from rodents from 17 provinces in Thailand","volume":"81","author":"Bai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R27-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.2008\/004671-0","article-title":"Isolation of Bartonella species from rodents in Taiwan including a strain closely related to \u2018Bartonella rochalimae\u2019 from Rattus norvegicus","volume":"57","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R29-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0517","article-title":"Molecular survey of zoonotic agents in rodents and other small mammals in Croatia","volume":"94","author":"Tadin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R30-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1504","article-title":"Multiple infections of rodents with zoonotic pathogens in Austria","volume":"14","author":"Schmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Vector Borne Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/0972-9062.321750","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:14:02Z","timestamp":1787166842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/0972-9062.321750"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0972-9062.321750","relation":{},"ISSN":["0972-9062"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0972-9062","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}}}