{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:08:59Z","timestamp":1790712539405,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fleas (Insecta, Siphonaptera) are important vectors of plague and murine typhus in many parts of the world. Currently, about 2700 flea species were described in the world. The most common vector flea\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Xenopsylla cheopis<\/jats:italic>\n                      is found throughout India, but\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">X. astia<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">X. brasiliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      are found less and limited in distribution associated with the domestic rats such as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, Mus musculus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bandicota bengalensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Bubonic plague is a major flea-borne disease caused by the bacterial pathogen\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , transmitted from rats to humans via the rodent flea,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">X. cheopis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . A major outbreak of plague and high mortality occurred in India. After 1966 with the 3 decadal intervals, plague cases occurred only during the year 1994 reported in 5 different states (Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and New Delhi and subsequently plague cases occurred during 2002 and 2004 after the one-decade interval in Himachal Pradesh (2002). Another outbreak of bubonic plague was reported in Dangud village, Barkhot tehsil, Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand during October 2004.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ctenocephalides<\/jats:italic>\n                      fleas are common in cats and dogs, which are the main vectors of bacteria rickettsiae, such as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rickettsia typhi, R. felis, R. conorii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella henselae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Molecular and serological evidence also confirms the presence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R. typhi, R. conorii R. felis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. henselae<\/jats:italic>\n                      pathogens in cats and other fleas in India. Flea bites and flea-borne dermatitis are common in men and pet animals. Because of the re-emergence of the plague, updated information on fleas and flea-borne diseases are essential to control the flea vectors and flea-borne diseases in India. Hence, this comprehensive review updates the available information on fleas and fleas transmitted diseases in India.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.328977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T01:11:26Z","timestamp":1671585086000},"page":"12-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A review of public health important fleas (Insecta, Siphonaptera) and flea-borne diseases in India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"V","family":"Rajamannar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Govindarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwani","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip P","family":"Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R4-2-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-0031.2008.00211.x","article-title":"A molecular phylogeny of fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera): origins and host associations","volume":"24","author":"Michael","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"R5-2-20240830","first-page":"75","article-title":"Spread of Plague in the Southern and Central Divisions of Bombay Province and Plague Endemic Centers in the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent","volume":"4","author":"Sharif","year":"1951","journal-title":"Bull World Health Org"},{"key":"R8-2-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2307\/2595837","article-title":"The Disappearance of Plague","volume":"33","author":"Appleby","year":"1980","journal-title":"A Continuing Puzzle Economic History Review"},{"key":"R9-2-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0288-118","article-title":"The bubonic plague","volume":"258","author":"McEvedy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Scientific American"},{"key":"R10-2-20240830","first-page":"260","article-title":"A long pull, a strong pull, and all together: San Francisco and bubonic plague, 1907-1908","volume":"66","author":"Risse","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull Hist Med"},{"key":"R11-2-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03014469600004232","article-title":"The plague in Penrith, Cumbria, 1597\/8: its causes, biology and consequences","volume":"23","author":"Scott","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annals of Human Biology"},{"key":"R14-2-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7007.706a","article-title":"India\u2019s pneumonic plague outbreak continues to baffle","volume":"311","author":"Ganapati","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R15-2-20240830","first-page":"800","article-title":"Verghese. 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