{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:23:48Z","timestamp":1787765028403,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Lyme disease (LD) is caused by a group of tick-borne bacteria of the genus\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                    termed Lyme disease\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borreliae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (LDB). The detection of serum antibodies to specific LDB antigens is widely used to support diagnosis of LD. Recent findings highlight a need for serological tests that can differentiate LD from tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) caused by a separate group of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                    species termed relapsing fever\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borreliae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This is because LD and TBRF share some clinical symptoms and can occur in overlapping locations. The development of serological tests for TBRF is at an early stage compared with LD. This article reviews the application of line immunoblots (IBs), where recombinant proteins applied as lines on nitrocellulose membrane strips are used to detect antibodies in patient sera, for the diagnosis and differentiation of LD and TBRF.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.383641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]],"date-time":"2023-12-26T05:00:21Z","timestamp":1703566821000},"page":"353-364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Recombinant protein immunoblots for differential diagnosis of tick-borne relapsing fever and Lyme disease"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Jyotsna S","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IGeneX Inc. Milpitas, California, USA"},{"name":"ID-FISH Technology Inc., California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph J","family":"Burrascano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IGeneX Inc. Milpitas, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjan","family":"Ramasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ID-FISH Technology Inc., California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"R2-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12051286","article-title":"Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) tests for identifying protozoan and bacterial pathogens in infectious diseases","volume":"12","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"2","key":"R3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.23487","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections: a review","volume":"327","author":"Tuddenham","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"R5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2019.01.007","article-title":"Ticks and tick-borne diseases","volume":"49","author":"Boulanger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"R6-20240830","article-title":"Tickborne Diseases of the United States"},{"key":"R7-20240830","article-title":"Tick-Borne Disease Testing","author":"IGeneX"},{"issue":"1","key":"R8-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.14-6-74","article-title":"Diseases from North America: focus on tick-borne infections","volume":"15","author":"Nathavitharana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"R9-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050945","article-title":"Babesiosis in Southeastern, Central and Northeastern Europe: An emerging and re-emerging tick-borne disease of humans and animals","volume":"10","author":"Bajer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"12","key":"R10-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-07033-3","article-title":"Tick-borne zoonoses and commonly used diagnostic methods in human and veterinary medicine","volume":"120","author":"Springer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00018","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00018-19","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"34","author":"Branda,","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R12-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512090","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.512090","article-title":"Francisella tularensis, tularemia and serological diagnosis","volume":"10","author":"Maurin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.18-0373","article-title":"Epidemiology and pathological mechanisms of tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"81","author":"Yoshii","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"R14-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00342","article-title":"Powassan virus-a new reemerging tick-borne disease","volume":"5","author":"Fatmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"R15-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2002.00557.x","article-title":"Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Europe","volume":"8","author":"Blanco","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"R16-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2009.10.004","article-title":"Human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis","volume":"30","author":"Ismail","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Lab Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R17-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-42-3-378","article-title":"Delineation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia garinii sp. nov., and group VS461 associated with Lyme borreliosis","volume":"42","author":"Baranton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Syst Bacteriol"},{"key":"R18-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549309008525","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies for identification of Borrelia afzelii sp.nov. associated with late cutaneous manifestations of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"25","author":"Canica","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R19-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-015-0025-z","article-title":"Lobo CA. Human babesiosis: Pathogens, prevalence, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"2","author":"Ord","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Clin Microbiol Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"R20-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10100761","article-title":"Combined immunofluorescence (IFA) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays for diagnosing babesiosis in patients from the USA, Europe and Australia","volume":"10","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"12","key":"R21-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.01019.x","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis of tick-borne bacterial diseases in Europe","volume":"10","author":"Brouqui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"R22-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2019.04.381","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis and other tick-borne diseases. Guidelines from the French Scientific Societies (I): prevention, epidemiology, diagnosis","volume":"49","author":"Figoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"R23-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2006.00139.x","article-title":"Microbiological and serological diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"49","author":"Wilske","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"4552","key":"R24-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7043737","article-title":"Lyme disease-a tick-borne spirochetosis?","volume":"216","author":"Burgdorfer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"13","key":"R25-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198303313081302","article-title":"Spirochetes isolated from the blood of two patients with Lyme disease","volume":"308","author":"Benach","year":"1983","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R26-20240830","article-title":"Lyme disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA","year":"2021"},{"key":"R27-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60103-7","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis","volume":"379","author":"Stanek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R28-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.08.003","article-title":"Ecology and epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"35","author":"Schotthoefer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Lab Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"R29-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2127","article-title":"Brave new worlds: the expanding universe of Lyme Disease","volume":"17","author":"Stone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"R30-20240830","article-title":"Relapsing fever. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA","year":"2015"},{"issue":"7","key":"R31-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.02.006","article-title":"Borrelia miyamotoi infection in nature and in humans","volume":"21","author":"Krause","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"R32-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare7040121","article-title":"Line immunoblot assay for tick-borne relapsing fever and findings in patient sera from Australia, Ukraine and the USA","volume":"7","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"R33-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S176493","article-title":"Relapsing fever Borrelia in California: A pilot serological study","volume":"11","author":"Middelveen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"R34-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001","article-title":"Relapsing fever Borreliae: a global review","volume":"35","author":"Cutler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Lab Med"},{"key":"R35-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8020097","article-title":"Lyme Disease: Diversity of Borrelia species in California and Mexico detected using a novel immunoblot assay","volume":"8","author":"Fesler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"15-16","key":"R36-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-018-1368-2","article-title":"Microbiological features distinguishing Lyme disease and relapsing fever spirochetes","volume":"130","author":"Bergstr\u00f6m","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"issue":"8","key":"R37-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2708.204763","article-title":"Comparison of Lyme disease in the United States and Europe","volume":"27","author":"Marques","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"R38-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07445-3","article-title":"The evolving story of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato transmission in Europe","volume":"121","author":"Steinbrink","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R39-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010212","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010212","article-title":"Tick borne relapsing fever - a systematic review and analysis of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Jakab,","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R40-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00464-8","article-title":"Identification of a novel pathogenic Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis with unusually high spirochaetaemia: a descriptive study","volume":"16","author":"Pritt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"R41-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4878","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.001445","article-title":"Borrelia mayonii sp. nov., a member of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, detected in patients and ticks in the upper midwestern United States","volume":"66","author":"Pritt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"R42-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.7.2500-2507.2001","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the southern United States based on restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis","volume":"39","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R43-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.04.002","article-title":"Updates on Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex with respect to public health","volume":"2","author":"Rudenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"R44-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1089\/153036603322662200","article-title":"Diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis in Europe","volume":"3","author":"Wilske","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"R45-20240830","first-page":"344","article-title":"Serological evidence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in Mexican patients with facial palsy","volume":"69","author":"Gordillo-P\u00e9rez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Invest Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"R46-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00725-10","article-title":"Distribution of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in China","volume":"49","author":"Hao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"R47-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12532","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis caused by diverse genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in northeastern China","volume":"20","author":"Ni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"R48-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00241","article-title":"Immunoserological diagnosis of human borrelioses: current knowledge and perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Talagrand-Reboul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"R49-20240830","article-title":"Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) 2022 case definition"},{"key":"R50-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.2015.989837","article-title":"Lyme disease: Diagnostic issues and controversies","volume":"1","author":"Aguero-Rosenfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"R51-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00151-07","article-title":"Serum reactivity against Borrelia burgdorferi OspA in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"14","author":"Hsieh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"R52-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1086\/339813","article-title":"Disease-specific diagnosis of co-infecting tick-borne zoonoses: Babesiosis, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and Lyme disease","volume":"34","author":"Krause","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"R53-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-103-3-374","article-title":"Fatal pancarditis in a patient with coexistent Lyme disease and babesiosis. Demonstration of spirochetes in the myocardium","volume":"103","author":"Marcus","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R54-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/152.3.473","article-title":"Serological evidence for simultaneous occurrences of Lyme disease and babesiosis","volume":"152","author":"Benach","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R55-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450218","article-title":"Coinfections with Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis","volume":"345","author":"DeMartino","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R56-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199707033370105","article-title":"Simultaneous human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and Lyme borreliosis","volume":"337","author":"Nadelman","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"R57-20240830","first-page":"S145","article-title":"Clinical and seroepidemiologic characteristics of Babesia WA-1 coinfection in patients with Lyme disease in California","volume":"51","author":"Stricker","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R58-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2702.202731","article-title":"Estimating the frequency of Lyme disease diagnoses, United States, 2010-2018","volume":"27","author":"Kugeler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R59-20240830","article-title":"Reported cases of Lyme disease by state or locality, 2009-2019. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"R60-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0191725","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191725","article-title":"Human Borrelia miyamotoi infection in California: Serodiagnosis is complicated by multiple endemic Borrelia species","volume":"13","author":"Krause","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"R61-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7219-x","article-title":"What is the real number of Lyme disease cases in Canada?","volume":"19","author":"Ogden","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"R62-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux047","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis-from tick bite to diagnosis and treatment","volume":"42","author":"Stanek","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R63-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16090","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.90","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis","volume":"2","author":"Steere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"2","key":"R64-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.02.001","article-title":"Erythema migrans","volume":"29","author":"Nadelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"R65-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy614","article-title":"Direct diagnostic tests for Lyme disease","volume":"68","author":"Schutzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"R66-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-3162-x","article-title":"Development of a sensitive PCR-dot blot assay to supplement serological tests for diagnosing Lyme disease","volume":"37","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"R67-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9050241","article-title":"Current and future molecular diagnostics of tick-borne diseases in cattle","volume":"9","author":"Garcia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"R68-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.2.419-427.1995","article-title":"Immunoblot interpretation criteria for serodiagnosis of early Lyme disease","volume":"33","author":"Engstrom","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R69-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.2.392","article-title":"Western blotting in the serodiagnosis of Lyme disease","volume":"167","author":"Dressler","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R70-20240830","first-page":"590","article-title":"Notice to readers: Recommendations for test performance and interpretation from the second national conference on serologic diagnosis of Lyme Disease","volume":"44","year":"1995","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"R71-20240830","article-title":"Suggested reporting language, interpretation and guidance regarding Lyme disease serologic test results","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"R72-20240830","first-page":"99","article-title":"Pilot study of immunoblots with recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi antigens for laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health care"},{"issue":"11","key":"R73-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00992","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00992-18","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel micro-array immunoblot assay for detection of IgM- and IgG-class antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"56","author":"Theel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R74-20240830","article-title":"Lyme line immunoblots","author":"Gold Standard"},{"issue":"1","key":"R75-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3844\/ajidsp.2018.1.44","article-title":"Chronic Lyme disease: a working case definition","volume":"14","author":"Stricker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"R76-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01409-14","article-title":"Collection and characterization of samples for establishment of a serum repository for lyme disease diagnostic test development and evaluation","volume":"52","author":"Molins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"32","key":"R77-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6832a4","article-title":"Updated CDC recommendation for serologic diagnosis of Lyme disease","volume":"68","author":"Mead","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"R78-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1615\/ForumImmunDisTher.2017019625","article-title":"Role of the VlsE lipoprotein in immune avoidance by the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"7","author":"Bankhead","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forum Immunopathol Dis Therap"},{"issue":"17","key":"R79-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.02.007","article-title":"Analysis of the antigenic determinants of the OspC protein of the Lyme disease spirochetes: Evidence that the C10 motif is not immunodominant or required to elicit bactericidal antibody responses","volume":"37","author":"Izac","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"12","key":"R80-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3990","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.12.3990-3996.1999","article-title":"Sensitive and specific serodiagnosis of Lyme disease by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a peptide based on an immunodominant conserved region of Borrelia burgdorferi vlsE","volume":"37","author":"Liang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"R81-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix043","article-title":"Evaluation of modified 2-tiered serodiagnostic testing algorithms for early Lyme disease","volume":"64","author":"Branda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"R82-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.6.1433-1444.1997","article-title":"Interpretation criteria for standardized Western blots for three European species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato","volume":"35","author":"Hauser","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R83-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.5.4.456-462.1998","article-title":"Diagnostic value of proteins of three Borrelia species (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) and implications for development and use of recombinant antigens for serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis in Europe","volume":"5","author":"Hauser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"R84-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.7.2241-2247.1999","article-title":"Validity of interpretation criteria for standardized Western blots (immunoblots) for serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis based on sera collected throughout Europe","volume":"37","author":"Hauser","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"R85-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7307","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1231043100","article-title":"Decorin-binding proteins A and B confer distinct mammalian cell type-specific attachment by Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete","volume":"100","author":"Fischer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"R86-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3602","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.3602-3609.2005","article-title":"Improvement of Lyme borreliosis serodiagnosis by a newly developed recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM line immunoblot assay and addition of VlsE and DbpA homologues","volume":"43","author":"Goettner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R88-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2018.11.011","article-title":"Review of European and American guidelines for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"49","author":"Eldin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"R89-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit235","article-title":"Performance of United States serologic assays in the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis acquired in Europe","volume":"57","author":"Branda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"R90-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03946-0","article-title":"Diagnostic parameters of modified two-tier testing in European patients with early Lyme disease","volume":"39","author":"Baarsma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7379","key":"R91-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7379.41","article-title":"Standards for reporting of diagnostic accuracy. Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative","volume":"326","author":"Bossuyt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brit Med J"},{"key":"R92-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1468-4","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for Lyme borreliosis in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Leeflang","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"R93-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.04.001","article-title":"Evaluation of commercial screening tests and blot assays for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"73","author":"Busson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R94-20240830","article-title":"Differentiated Borrelia diagnostics","author":"Euroimmun, Lubeck,"},{"key":"R95-20240830"},{"key":"R96-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11112157","article-title":"Immunoreactivity of Polish Lyme disease patient sera to specific Borrelia antigens\u2014Part 1","volume":"11","author":"Wojciechowska-Koszko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"R97-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020203","article-title":"Cross-reactive results in serological tests for borreliosis in patients with active viral infections","volume":"11","author":"Wojciechowska-Koszko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"2","key":"R98-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020143","article-title":"Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodidae tick around Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"5","key":"R99-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-3988(10)60074-8","article-title":"Interpretation criteria for standardized Western blot for the predominant species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in China","volume":"23","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"key":"R100-20240830","article-title":"Borrelia miyamotoi. 2019"},{"key":"R101-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04598.x","article-title":"Relapsing fever\u2014a forgotten disease revealed","volume":"108","author":"Cutler,","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"R102-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00098","article-title":"Relapsing fevers: Neglected tick-borne diseases","volume":"8","author":"Talagrand-Reboul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"R103-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1107","article-title":"Surveillance for and discovery of Borrelia species in US patients suspected of tick-borne illness","volume":"66","author":"Kingry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R104-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci3030016","article-title":"Tick-borne relapsing fever spirochetes in the Americas","volume":"3","author":"Lopez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"R105-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03623.x","article-title":"Borrelia hispanica in Ornithodoros erraticus, Portugal","volume":"18","author":"Palma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"R106-20240830","first-page":"e01127","article-title":"Genome sequence of the Asiatic species Borrelia persica","volume":"2","author":"Elbir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Announc"},{"key":"R107-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0691","article-title":"Relapsing fever Borreliae in Africa","volume":"89","author":"Elbir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R108-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2008.03.006","article-title":"Tick-borne relapsing fever","volume":"22","author":"Dworkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin N Am"},{"key":"R109-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0703.017323","article-title":"Borrelia lonestari DNA in adult Amblyomma americanum ticks, Alabama","volume":"7","author":"Burkot","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R110-20240830","article-title":"Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever (LBRF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. 2022"},{"key":"R111-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.10.018","article-title":"Refugee crisis and re-emergence of forgotten infections in Europe","volume":"22","author":"Cutler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"R112-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2016.08.003","article-title":"Emerging borreliae\u2014 expanding beyond Lyme borreliosis","volume":"31","author":"Cutler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"R113-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.940900","article-title":"Evidence assessments and guideline recommendations in Lyme disease: The clinical management of known tick bites, erythema migrans rashes and persistent disease","volume":"12","author":"Cameron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther"},{"key":"R114-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1086\/516273","article-title":"Tick-borne relapsing fever in the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada","volume":"26","author":"Dworkin,","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R115-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.156.5.1297","article-title":"Antigenic variation of Borrelia hermsii","volume":"156","author":"Stoenner,","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R116-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605302103","article-title":"Pathogen escape from host immunity by a genome program for antigenic variation","volume":"103","author":"Barbour,","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"R117-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0434","article-title":"The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction after antibiotic treatment of spirochetal infections: a review of recent cases and our understanding of pathogenesis","volume":"96","author":"Butler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R118-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01468","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01468-18","article-title":"Blood smears have poor sensitivity for confirming Borrelia miyamotoi disease","volume":"57","author":"Telford","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R119-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1086\/516276","article-title":"Neuroborreliosis during relapsing fever: review of the clinical manifestations, pathology, and treatment of infections in humans and experimental animals","volume":"26","author":"Cadavid","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R120-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.1.183","article-title":"Cross-reactivity in serological tests for Lyme disease and other spirochetal infections","volume":"156","author":"Magnarelli","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"R121-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01710797","article-title":"Relapsing fever and its serological discrimination from Lyme borreliosis","volume":"20","author":"Rath","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"R122-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.10.2483-2492.1996","article-title":"Konkel ME. GlpQ: An antigen for serological discrimination between relapsing fever and Lyme borreliosis","volume":"34","author":"Schwan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R123-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3561","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.10.3561-3571.2000","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of louse-borne relapsing fever with glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GlpQ) from Borrelia recurrentis","volume":"38","author":"Porcella,","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R124-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00518-09","article-title":"A novel surface antigen of relapsing fever spirochetes can discriminate between relapsing fever and Lyme Borreliosis","volume":"17","author":"Lopez,","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"R125-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2454","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002454","article-title":"Sequence analysis and serological responses against Borrelia turicatae BipA, a putative species-specific antigen","volume":"7","author":"Lopez,","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R126-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4519","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00377-06","article-title":"Immunological and molecular analyses of the Borrelia hermsii factor H and factor H-like protein 1 binding protein, FhbA: Demonstration of its utility as a diagnostic marker and epidemiological tool for tick-borne relapsing fever","volume":"74","author":"Hovis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R127-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00089-10","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the interaction of Borrelia parkeri and Borrelia turicatae with human complement regulators","volume":"78","author":"Schott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R128-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00412-4","article-title":"Immune evasion of Borrelia miyamotoi: CbiA, a novel outer surface protein exhibiting complement binding and inactivating properties","volume":"7","author":"R\u00f6ttgerding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R129-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00116","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi manipulates innate and adaptive immunity to establish persistence in rodent reservoir hosts","volume":"8","author":"Tracy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R130-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112683","article-title":"Antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi recognized during Lyme disease. Appearance of a new immunoglobulin M response and expansion of the immunoglobulin G response late in the illness","volume":"78","author":"Craft","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"R131-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1086\/589242","article-title":"Prospective study of serologic tests for Lyme disease","volume":"47","author":"Steere,","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"R132-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2663","article-title":"Re: \u201cSeroprevalence of Borrelia IgM and IgG Antibodies in healthy individuals: a caution against serology misinterpretations and unnecessary antibiotic treatments\u201d by Strizova et al","volume":"20","author":"Weiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"R133-20240830","first-page":"10","article-title":"Molecular basis for immune evasion and pathogenesis in malaria. Biochim. Biophys","volume":"1406","author":"Ramasamy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"R134-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.060670","article-title":"Tickborne relapsing fever diagnosis obscured by malaria, Togo","volume":"13","author":"Nordstrand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"R135-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10060377","article-title":"A Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test for diagnosing babesiosis","volume":"10","author":"Shah JS Mark","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"10","key":"R136-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10100761","article-title":"Combined immunofluorescence (IFA) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays for diagnosing babesiosis in patients from the USA, Europe and Australia","volume":"10","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"R137-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-07033-3","article-title":"Tick-borne zoonoses and commonly used diagnostic methods in human and veterinary medicine","volume":"120","author":"Springer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"R138-20240830","first-page":"250","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of four recombinant Treponema pallidum antigen-based rapid tests in the diagnosis of syphilis","volume":"22","author":"Wang,","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin Med Sci J"},{"issue":"1","key":"R139-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04980-3","article-title":"Recombinant antigens used as diagnostic tools for lymphatic filariasis","volume":"14","author":"Pastor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"R140-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2003.00279.x","article-title":"An improved serodiagnostic test for Chagas\u2019 disease employing a mixture of Trypanosoma cruzi recombinant antigens","volume":"43","author":"Umezawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"6638","key":"R141-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/40540","article-title":"Lifetime of plasma cells in the bone marrow","volume":"388","author":"Manz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"R142-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0253514","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253514","article-title":"Optimizing use of multi-antibody assays for Lyme disease diagnosis: A bioinformatic approach","volume":"16","author":"Porwancher","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"R143-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00527","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00527-18","article-title":"Higher sensitivity of the recomLine Borrelia IgG immunoblot kit than of the standard Lyme IgG immunoblot kit according to CDC testing criteria","volume":"56","author":"Kadkhoda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"R144-20240830","first-page":"11","article-title":"Neuroborreliosis in India - A diag-nostic challenge and a great mimicker: a case series","volume":"70","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"R145-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2021.102134","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory evidence of Lyme disease in North India, 2016-2019","volume":"43","author":"Vinayaraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"R146-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_943_19","article-title":"Sero-prevalence of Lymes disease in the Nagarahole and Bandipur forest areas of South India","volume":"68","author":"Babu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"R147-20240830","first-page":"433","article-title":"Relapsing Fever-Tick-Borne. Account of an outbreak in J.&K. Force, India","volume":"84","author":"Kaul","year":"1949","journal-title":"Ind Med Gaz"},{"issue":"2","key":"R148-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.41703","article-title":"A case report of relapsing fever","volume":"51","author":"Aher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Vector Borne Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/0972-9062.383641","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:55:45Z","timestamp":1787763345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/0972-9062.383641"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0972-9062.383641","relation":{},"ISSN":["0972-9062"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0972-9062","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-12-17","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-30","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}