{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:41:31Z","timestamp":1787071291625,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In India, it is estimated that 2.5 million people are currently living with Human Immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) of which one million are women. Given the occurrence of oral lesions in our population, we studied the patter of these lesions with respect to the role played by gender.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3729 consecutive patients seen over a period of 10 years (from 1998 to 2008) attending the YRG CARE (Center for AIDS Research and Education), at Chennai, India constituted the study group. The oral lesions were diagnosed and the findings were entered into a database and analysed using the SPSS package SPSS11.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      3724 adult patients (71% males 29% females) were recruited in this study. 95% and 92% of males and females respectively acquired the infection through the heterosexual route. 69% of them presented with at least one oral lesion. There was a significant difference in the occurrence of oral candidiasis (OC) (18.8% males 10.3% females,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.00) and oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) (1.2% males 0.4% females,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.023) between gender. The mean CD4 counts in males (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1908) was 284.48 \u00b1 222.45 and in females (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1087) it was 394.51 \u00b1 274.56. Males had 2.2 times higher risk of getting OC, 3.1 times higher risk of OHL and over all males had 1.58 times of having any oral lesion compared to females. Multivariate logistic regression that the odds of having OC (OR = 1.7, 95%CI 1.2-2.2,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001) and OHL (OR = 3.1, 95%CI 1.1-8.9;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03) were significantly higher for males than for females after controlling for duration of being HIV positive, CD4 count and HAART. 1412 patients had their spouses HIV status also as HIV positive and 769 patients had their spouse HIV status as negative. 858 patients were on HARRT (627 males and 231 females) The partial correlation analysis, done between gender and CD4 counts, when controlling for HAART was r = 0.2028 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.00).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study confirms that males had a higher risk of oral lesions, especially OC and OHL, than females. The females in this study had a significantly higher mean CD4 counts than males. This different immunological status of the females compared to males should be taken in to consideration in the evaluation and management of HIV positive patients in our country.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029x.102492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,16]],"date-time":"2012-10-16T03:43:20Z","timestamp":1350359000000},"page":"388-394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Gender differences in oral lesions among persons with HIV disease in Southern India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Umadevi Krishna Mohan","family":"Rao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kannan","family":"Ranganathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagalingeswaran","family":"Kumarasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chief Medical Officer, Y. 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