{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T17:43:21Z","timestamp":1760550201984},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"02","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1054,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Lab Physicians"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          INTRODUCTION: Treatment refractory chronic recurrent infections mean those chronic infections which recur by same causal agents with similar drug responsiveness after apparent relief following full course of recommended antimicrobial management.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty different samples were collected from patients with chronic surgical site infections, laparoscopic port site infections, anal fistula, mesh hernioplasty, chronic dacryocystitis, chronic osteomyelitis, and chronic burn wounds. Samples were processed for culture, identification, antibiotic sensitivity testing using standard microbiological techniques. Biofilm (BF) forming capacity for aerobic organisms were tested by tissue culture plate method. Those for anaerobes and atypical mycobacteria were studied by a novel method using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In vivo BF colonization in lacrimal mucosae of chronic dacryocystitis, patients were studied from histopathological sections by Gram staining, H and E, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          RESULTS: Out of fifty different samples, sixty-three isolates were obtained in pure culture as follows: Staphylococcus aureus (25.39%), Escherichia coli (14.28%), Klebsiella pneumonia (14.28%), Mycobacterium abscessus (12.69%), Citrobacter spp. (9.52%), Bacteroides fragilis (6.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.7%), Proteus spp. (4.7%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (3.1%), Enterobacter spp. (1.5%), Morganella morganii (1.5%), and Peptostreptococcus spp. (1.5%). Among the isolates, 74% were found to be BF producers in the following frequency: P. aeruginosa 100%, S. epidermidis 100%, B. fragilis 100%, Klebsiella spp. 88.88%, S. aureus 81.25%, M. abscessus 75%, Citrobacter spp. 83.33%, Proteus spp. 66.66%, E. coli spp. 33.33%, and Enterobacter spp. 0%.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          CONCLUSION: AFM has been proven to be a useful method for detection of in vitro grown BF including those for anaerobes and atypical Mycobacteria. In vivo BF detection becomes possible by FISH. S. aureus was the most common isolate. Among the aerobic isolates, P. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis were found to be the most common BF producers. Atypical mycobacteria were also found to be BF producers. Diagnosis of BF s in chronic infections significantly changes the management strategy as these infections can no longer be dealt simply with antibiotics alone but require mechanical removal of the foci along with antibiotic coverage for complete cure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2727.199637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]],"date-time":"2017-02-07T08:58:08Z","timestamp":1486457888000},"page":"125-131","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Biofilm colonization in chronic treatment refractory infections presenting with discharging sinuses: A study in a tertiary care hospital of Eastern India"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Asmita","family":"De","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirak Jyoti","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jayeeta","family":"Haldar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Poulami","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Bio-Medical Genomic Centre, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prasanta Kumar","family":"Maiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-1","first-page":"677","volume-title":"Bacterial biofilms: An emerging link to disease pathogenesis","author":"Parsek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-2","first-page":"541","volume-title":"Effect of surface roughness and materials composition","author":"Gharechahi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biomater Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-3","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Biofilms in chronic wounds","author":"James","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-4","first-page":"1318","volume-title":"Bacterial biofilms: A common cause of persistent infections","author":"Costerton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-5","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Lifestyles of bacteria in wounds: Presence of biofilms?","author":"Serralta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-6","first-page":"234","volume-title":"Biofilms and their potential role in wound healing","author":"Percival","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-7","first-page":"1466","volume-title":"The application of biofilm science to the study and control of chronic bacterial infections","author":"Costerton","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-8","first-page":"174","volume-title":"Prevention and control of bacterial infections associated with medical devices","author":"Khoury","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Soc Artif Intern Organs J"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-9","first-page":"1339","volume-title":"A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of an infected endocardial pacemaker lead","author":"Marrie","year":"1982","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-10","first-page":"711","volume-title":"Microbial biofilms","author":"Costerton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-11","first-page":"269","volume-title":"Atomic force microscopy in biofilm study","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microscopy (Oxf)"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-12","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Anaerobic culture on growth efficient bi-layered culture plate in a modified candle jar using a rapid and slow combustion system","author":"Maiti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0255-0857","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-13","unstructured":"Collee J, Fraser AG, Marmion BP, Simmons A. 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Pennsylvania, Wayne, PA, USA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2014."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-16","first-page":"175","volume-title":"A modified microtiter-plate test for quantification of staphylococcal biofilm formation","author":"Stepanovic","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-17","first-page":"1818","volume-title":"Role of antibiotic penetration limitation in Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm resistance to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin","author":"Anderl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-18","first-page":"453","volume-title":"Biofilm detection with hematoxylin-eosin staining","author":"Hochstim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-19","first-page":"153586","volume-title":"The visualization of biofilms in chronic diabetic foot wounds using routine diagnostic microscopy methods","author":"Oates","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-20","first-page":"367","volume-title":"In vivo biofilm on the surface of a surgical mesh implant","author":"Reslinski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pol J Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-21","first-page":"36","volume-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacteria pathogenesis and biofilm assembly","author":"Sousa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2212-5531","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-22","first-page":"464","volume-title":"Morganella morganii osteomyelitis complicated by secondary septic knee arthritis: A case report","author":"Koyuncu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-23","first-page":"464","volume-title":"Osteomyelitis of the rib due to Morganella morganii","author":"Smithson","year":"2004","journal-title":"An Med Interna"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-24","first-page":"1259","volume-title":"Microbial biofilms in osteomyelitis of the jaw and osteonecrosis of the jaw secondary to bisphosphonate therapy","author":"Sedghizadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-25","first-page":"1421","volume-title":"Presence of biofilms in the lacrimal sac mucosa","author":"Kosarsoy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Turk Klin J Med Sci"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-26","first-page":"789","volume-title":"Pathogenic synergy: Mixed infections in the oral cavity","author":"van","year":"1984","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.199637-27","first-page":"457","volume-title":"Chronic surgical site infection due to suture-associated polymicrobial biofilm","author":"Kathju","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surg Infect (Larchmt)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Laboratory Physicians"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.4103\/0974-2727.199637.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,24]],"date-time":"2023-12-24T08:14:35Z","timestamp":1703405675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jlabphy.org\/biofilm-colonization-in-chronic-treatment-refractory-infections-presenting-with-discharging-sinuses-a-study-in-a-tertiary-care-hospital-of-eastern-india\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-2727.199637","relation":{},"ISSN":["0974-2727","0974-7826"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0974-2727","type":"print"},{"value":"0974-7826","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}}}