{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:02:42Z","timestamp":1788364962365,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oman J Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"DOI":"10.4103\/0974-620x.200692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,21]],"date-time":"2017-02-21T09:44:29Z","timestamp":1487670269000},"page":"3","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Applications of polymers in intraocular drug delivery systems"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"AliMohammed","family":"Alhalafi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-1","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Current and future ophthalmic drug delivery systems.A shift to the posterior segment","author":"Del","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maurice DM, Mishima S. Ocular pharmacokinetics. In: Sears ML, editor. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1984. p. 19-116.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69222-2_2"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-3","first-page":"1131","volume-title":"Challenges and obstacles of ocular pharmacokinetics and drug delivery","author":"Urtti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-4","first-page":"748","volume-title":"Effect of topical anesthetics on intraocular pressure and pachymetry","author":"Montero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-5","first-page":"2462","volume-title":"Molecular design for enhancement of ocular penetration","author":"Shirasaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-6","first-page":"227","volume-title":"Roles of the conjunctiva in ocular drug delivery: A review of conjunctival transport mechanisms and their regulation","author":"Hosoya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-7","first-page":"1164","volume-title":"Transscleral drug delivery to the posterior eye: Prospects of pharmacokinetic modeling","author":"Ranta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-8","first-page":"479","volume-title":"A rabbit model for assessing the ocular barriers to the transscleral delivery of triamcinolone acetonide","author":"Robinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-9","first-page":"1097","volume-title":"Subretinal bevacizumab detection after intravitreous injection in rabbits","author":"Dib","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-10","first-page":"419","volume-title":"Enhancement of the mydriatic response to tropicamide by bioadhesive polymers","author":"Herrero-Vanrell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-11","first-page":"393","volume-title":"Review: Practical issues in intravitreal drug delivery","author":"Maurice","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-12","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Drug delivery methods for posterior segment disease","author":"Hsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-13","first-page":"195","volume-title":"Novel approaches to ocular drug delivery","author":"Davis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Mol Ther"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-14","first-page":"1182","volume-title":"Intraocular implants for extended drug delivery: Therapeutic applications","author":"Bourges","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-15","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Gel and solid matrix systems for the controlled delivery of drug carrier-associated nucleic acids","author":"Fattal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-16","first-page":"4138","volume-title":"Characterization of a novel intraocular drug-delivery system using crystalline lipid antiviral prodrugs of ganciclovir and cyclic cidofovir","author":"Cheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-17","first-page":"757","volume-title":"A prospective randomised study on low-dose transpupillary thermotherapy versus photodynamic therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration","author":"Odergren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-18","first-page":"862","volume-title":"Ranibizumab combined with verteporfin photodynamic therapy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (FOCUS): Year 2 results","author":"Antoszyk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-19","first-page":"1188","volume-title":"Evolving European guidance on the medical management of neovascular age related macular degeneration","author":"Chakravarthy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-20","first-page":"253","volume-title":"Drug delivery systems for vitreoretinal diseases","author":"Yasukawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-21","first-page":"168","volume-title":"Fifty: Fifty poly (DL glycolic acid-lactic acid) copolymer as a drug delivery system for 5-fluorouracil: A histopathological evaluation","author":"Gould","year":"1994","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-22","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Biodegradable microspheres for vitreoretinal drug delivery","author":"Herrero-Vanrell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-23","first-page":"1192","volume-title":"Subconjunctival nano-and microparticles sustain retinal delivery of budesonide, a corticosteroid capable of inhibiting VEGF expression","author":"Kompella","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-24","first-page":"1783","volume-title":"Intravitreal injections of GDNF-loaded biodegradable microspheres are neuroprotective in a rat model of glaucoma","author":"Iang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-25","first-page":"4989","volume-title":"Periocular injection of microspheres containing PKC412 inhibits choroidal neovascularization in a porcine model","author":"Saishin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-26","first-page":"675","volume-title":"Intravitreal Bioerudivel sustained-release triamcinolone microspheres system (RETAAC).Preliminary report of its potential usefulnes for the treatment of diabetic macular edema","author":"Cardillo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-27","first-page":"5913","volume-title":"Efficacy and safety of a novel intravitreous dexamethasone drug-delivery system after applicator or incisional placement in patients with macular edema","author":"Kuppermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-28","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant (Iluvien \u00ae): In diabetic macular oedema","author":"Sanford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-29","first-page":"188","volume-title":"Sustained-release ganciclovir therapy for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis.Use of an intravitreal device","author":"Sanborn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-30","first-page":"276","volume-title":"Treatment of recurrent cytomegalovirus retinitis with the ganciclovir implant","author":"Roth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-31","first-page":"329","volume-title":", Friedberg DN, et al. Use of the ganciclovir implant for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: Recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel","author":"Martin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-32","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with a sustained-release ganciclovir implant.The Ganciclovir Implant Study Group","author":"Musch","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-33","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Complications of ganciclovir implant surgery in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis: The Ganciclovir Cidofovir Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Trial","author":"Dunn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-34","first-page":"1020","volume-title":"Fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert) for noninfectious posterior uveitis: Thirty-four-week results of a multicenter randomized clinical study","author":"Jaffe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-35","first-page":"1478","volume-title":"Intraocular pressure in patients with uveitis treated with fluocinolone acetonide implants","author":"Goldstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-36","first-page":"3569","volume-title":"Safety and pharmacokinetics of an intraocular fluocinolone acetonide sustained delivery device","author":"Jaffe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-37","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Late spontaneous dissociation of a fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert)","author":"Rofagha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-38","first-page":"1310","volume-title":"Design and function of a dendrimer-based therapeutic nanodevice targeted to tumor cells through the folate receptor","author":"Quintana","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marco Zarbin A, James Leary F, Montemagno C, Ritch R, Humayun MS. Nanomedicine in ophthalmology. In: Ryan SJ, editor. Retina. 2013. p. 689-711.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-0737-9.00036-9"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-40","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Dendrimers as drug carriers: Applications in different routes of drug administration","author":"Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-41","first-page":"1947","volume-title":"Dendrimer multifunctional nano-device: A review","author":"Bharti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Sci Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-42","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Dendrimer: A novel scaffold for drug delivery","author":"Garg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-43","first-page":"1063","volume-title":"Dendrimer pharmacokinetics: The effect of size, structure and surface characteristics on ADME properties","author":"Kaminskas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanomedicine (Lond)"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-44","first-page":"1543","volume-title":"Engineering of dendrimer surfaces to enhance transepithelial transport and reduce cytotoxicity","author":"Jevprasesphant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-45","first-page":"10044","volume-title":"Cytotoxicity, hemolysis, and acute in vivo toxicity of dendrimers based on melamine, candidate vehicles for drug delivery","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-46","first-page":"122","volume-title":"Dendrimer toxicity: Let's meet the challenge","author":"Jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-47","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Poly (amidoamine) dendrimers as ophthalmic vehicles for ocular delivery of pilocarpine nitrate and tropicamide","author":"Vandamme","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-48","first-page":"1544","volume-title":"Dendrimer delivery of an anti-VEGF oligonucleotide into the eye: A long-term study into inhibition of laser-induced CNV, distribution, uptake and toxicity","author":"Marano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-49","first-page":"466","volume-title":"The hydrogel and the crystalline hydrate of copper oxide","author":"Van","year":"1894","journal-title":"Z Anorg Chem"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-50","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Hydrogels for biomedical applications","author":"Hoffman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-51","first-page":"283","volume-title":"Hydrogels: Swelling, drug loading, and release","author":"Kim","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-52","first-page":"40","volume-title":"Extended release of bevacizumab by thermosensitive biodegradable and biocompatible hydrogel","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-53","first-page":"1941","volume-title":"Controlled release bevacizumab in thermoresponsive hydrogel found to inhibit angiogenesis","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Mater Eng"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-54","first-page":"1869","volume-title":"Hydrogels for tissue engineering","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-55","first-page":"206","volume-title":"Thermoresponsive hydrogels as a new ocular drug delivery platform to the posterior segment of the eye","author":"Kang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-56","first-page":"179","volume-title":"Neurotoxicity of acrylamide and related compounds and their effects on male gonads in mice","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-57","first-page":"854","volume-title":"Cell culture on a thermo-responsive polymer surface","author":"Takezawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biotechnology (N Y)"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-58","first-page":"188","volume-title":"Preparation of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers and preliminary assessment of their acute and subacute toxicity in mice","author":"Malonne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-59","first-page":"1441","volume-title":"Solution properties of poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide)","author":"Heskin","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Macromol Sci"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-620X.200692-60","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Phase transition in linear and crosslinked poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide) in water: Effect of various types of additives","author":"Dhara","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Macromol Sci Rev Macromol Chem Phys"}],"container-title":["Oman Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T13:28:03Z","timestamp":1786714083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/0974-620X.200692"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}},"alternative-id":["200692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-620x.200692","relation":{},"ISSN":["0974-620X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0974-620X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}}}