{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T15:52:18Z","timestamp":1786636338259,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Global Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]},"DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777x.59251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,8]],"date-time":"2010-02-08T00:59:22Z","timestamp":1265590762000},"page":"49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Revisiting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Abdelkarim","family":"Waness","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-1","first-page":"520","volume-title":"Staphylococcus aureus infections","author":"Lowey","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-2","unstructured":"Bellis M. Inventors.about.com\/od\/pstartinventions\/a\/Penicillin.htm. [cited in 1997]."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-3","first-page":"7687","volume-title":"The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)","author":"Enright","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levine DP. Vancomycin: A history. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:S5-12.","DOI":"10.1086\/491709"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-5","first-page":"156","volume-title":"Emergence of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) from a tertiary care hospital from northern part of India","author":"Tiwari","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-6","first-page":"241","volume-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones, Western Australia","author":"Coombs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-7","unstructured":"Foster T. Staphylococcus. Available from: http:\/\/www.gsbs.utmb.edu\/microbook\/ch012.htm. [cited in 2009]."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-8","first-page":"747","volume-title":"The evolution of Staphylococcus aureus","author":"Deurenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-9","first-page":"724","volume-title":"A point mutation in the agr locus rather than expression of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin caused previously reported phenotypes in Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia and gene regulation","author":"Villaruz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-10","first-page":"519","volume-title":"MRSA in livestock animals-an epidemic waiting to happen?","author":"Wulf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-11","first-page":"1710","volume-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig breeders and cattle breeders","author":"Vandenbroucke-Grauls","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-12","unstructured":"MRSA reported at public beaches in Washington. Available from: http:\/\/www.infectiousdiseasenews.com\/article\/43646. [cited in 2009]."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-13","first-page":"403","volume-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus at the University of Chicago Hospitals: A 15-year longitudinal assessment in a large university-based hospital","author":"Seal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-14","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus prevalence: Current susceptibility patterns in Trinidad","author":"Orrett","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-15","first-page":"98","volume-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a general hospital: Epidemiological overview between 2000-2007","author":"Alvarez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Invest Clin"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-16","first-page":"1372","volume-title":"Carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in home care settings: Prevalence, duration, and transmission to household members","author":"Lucet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-17","first-page":"166","volume-title":"The impact of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia on patient outcomes: Mortality, length of stay, and hospital charges","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-18","first-page":"457","volume-title":"Risk factors and outcomes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in critically ill patients: A case control study","author":"Ho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-19","unstructured":"Hirschmann JV. The epidemiology of MRSA. Available from: http:\/\/www.medscape.com. [cited in 2009]."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-20","first-page":"261","volume-title":"Risk factors for nosocomial infection in the neonatal intensive care unit by the Japanese Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (JANIS)","author":"Babazono","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Med Okayama"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-21","first-page":"642","volume-title":"Clinical and molecular epidemiology of nursing home-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia","author":"Lesse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-22","first-page":"645","volume-title":"A clinical study on gender difference in the incidence of postoperative infection and the isolation of MRSA after gastrointestinal surgery","author":"Hiroyuki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn J Chemoth"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-23","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in two tertiary-care centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","author":"Madani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-24","first-page":"299","volume-title":"Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus epidemiology and transmission in a Dutch hospital","author":"van","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-25","first-page":"414","volume-title":"Nursing homes as reservoirs of MRSA: Myth or reality?","author":"Garazi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-26","first-page":"216","volume-title":"Clustering and risk factors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in two Italian long-term care facilities","author":"Brugnaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-27","first-page":"335","volume-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among US prisoners and military personnel: Review and recommendations for future studies","author":"Aiello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-28","first-page":"86","volume-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A new zoonotic agent?","author":"Springer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-29","first-page":"499","volume-title":"Recurrent community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among HIV-infected persons: Incidence and risk factors","author":"Crum-Cianflone","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-30","first-page":"118","volume-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization, behavioral risk factors, and skin and soft-tissue infection at an ambulatory clinic serving a large population of HIV-infected men who have sex with men","author":"Szumowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-31","first-page":"477","volume-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among injection drug users: Six years later","author":"Al-Rawahi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landers TF, Harris RE, Wittum TE, Stevenson KB. Colonization with Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus among a sample of homeless individuals, Ohio. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30:801-3.","DOI":"10.1086\/599018"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-33","unstructured":"Vonk AG, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the community. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2007;151:401-7."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-34","first-page":"318","volume-title":"A US population-based survey of Staphylococcus aureus colonization","author":"Graham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-35","first-page":"439","volume-title":"Rates of carriage of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in an outpatient population","author":"Kenner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-36","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Intestinal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: How does its frequency compare with that of nasal carriage and what is its clinical impact?","author":"Acton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-37","first-page":"159","volume-title":"Risk factors for colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in patients admitted to an urban hospital: emergence of community-associated MRSA nasal carriage","author":"Hidron","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-38","first-page":"S231","volume-title":"Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management strategies","author":"Naber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-39","first-page":"3012","volume-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis: A Consequence of Medical Progress","author":"Fowler","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-40","first-page":"18","volume-title":"Right-sided infective endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an injecting drug user: Outbreak or slow epidemic?","author":"Dimassi","year":"2009","journal-title":"W V Med J"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-41","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients with cystic fibrosis","author":"Gir\u00f3n","year":"2009","journal-title":"Enferm Infect Microbiol Clin"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-42","first-page":"371","volume-title":"Pneumonia in solid organ recipients: Spectrum of pathogens in 217 episodes","author":"Bonatti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-43","first-page":"461","volume-title":"Necrotizing pneumonia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","author":"d\u2032Azevedo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenthal VD, Maki DG, Salomao R, Moreno CA, Mehta Y, Higuera F, et al, International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium: Device-associated nosocomial infections in 55 intensive care units of 8 developing countries. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:582-91.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00007"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-45","first-page":"S2","volume-title":"Skin and soft tissue infection: Microbiology and epidemiology","author":"Dryden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"46. Nalmas S, Bishburg E, Shah M, Chan T. Skin and soft tissue abscess: 1 year\u2032s experience. J Cutan Med Surg 2009;13:257-61.","DOI":"10.2310\/7750.2009.08073"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-47","first-page":"722","volume-title":"Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome caused by exfoliative toxin B-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","author":"Yokata","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-48","first-page":"521","volume-title":"Osteomyelitis: A case report","author":"Ahamed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust Fam Physician"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-49","first-page":"371","volume-title":"Septic arthritis and acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in childhood at a tertiary hospital in Japan","author":"Yamagishi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-50","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Injection-induced pyogenic arthritis of the shoulder joint","author":"Rhee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-51","first-page":"1732","volume-title":"Periprosthetic infection due to resistant staphylococci: Serious problems on the horizon","author":"Parvizi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-52","first-page":"1149","volume-title":"Universal screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at hospital admission and nosocomial infection in surgical patients","author":"Harbarth","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-53","first-page":"867","volume-title":"Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and factors associated with colonization among residents in community long-term-care facilities in Spain","author":"Manzur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-54","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a cause of rapidly progressing pyelonephritis with pyonephrosis, necessitating emergent nephrectomy","author":"Baraboutis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-55","unstructured":"Abuazza G, Nelson C. Text Book of Pediatric Nephrology in the ICU. 1 st ed. Berlin: Springer; 2009. p. 168."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-56","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Meningitis due to hematogenous dissemination of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a patient with AIDS","author":"Sayana","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic Ill)"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-57","first-page":"88,86","volume-title":"Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus epidural abscess with bacteremia and multiple lung abscesses: Case report","author":"Bruns","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-58","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Liver abscess in neonates","author":"Simeunovic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-59","first-page":"898","volume-title":"A case of toxic shock syndrome secondary to mastitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kansenshogaku Zasshi"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-60","first-page":"471","volume-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and chorioamnionitis after recurrent marsupialization of a bartholin abscess","author":"Sherer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-61","first-page":"2191","volume-title":"Clinical Validation of the Molecular BD GeneOhm StaphSR Assay for Direct Detection of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Positive Blood Cultures","author":"Stamper","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microb"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-62","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Environmental reservoirs of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in isolation rooms: Correlation with patient isolates and implications for hospital hygiene","author":"Sexton","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-63","first-page":"1703","volume-title":"Throat and rectal swabs may have an important role in MRSA screening of critically ill patients","author":"Batra","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-64","first-page":"927","volume-title":"Impact of rapid screening tests on acquisition of meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Cluster randomised crossover trial","author":"Jeyaratnam","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-65","first-page":"465","volume-title":"Computer keyboards and faucet handles as reservoirs of nosocomial pathogens in the intensive care unit","author":"Bures","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-66","unstructured":"Schroeder A, Schroeder MA, D\u2032Amico F. What\u2032s growing on your stethoscope? And what you can do about it. J Fam Pract 2009;58:404-9."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-67","first-page":"107","volume-title":"The emergence of mupirocin resistance among clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Trinidad: A first report","author":"Orrett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-68","unstructured":"Experimental vaccine protects mice against MRSA infection. Available from: http:\/\/www.medscape.com\/viewarticle\/586366?src=rss. [cited in 2009]."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-69","first-page":"581","volume-title":"Continuous versus intermittent intravenous administration of antibiotics: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","author":"Kasiakou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-70","first-page":"668","volume-title":"Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, 2002-2006","author":"Sievert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-71","first-page":"945","volume-title":"Linezolid: A pharmacoeconomic review of its use in serious Gram-positive infections","author":"Plosker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-72","first-page":"1211","volume-title":"Safety and clinical outcomes when utilizing high-dose (> or =8 mg\/kg) daptomycin therapy","author":"Moise","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-73","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of tigecycline and comparators against bacterial isolates collected as part of the TEST study in Europe (2004-2007)","author":"N\u00f8rskov-Lauritsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-74","first-page":"218","volume-title":"Forthcoming therapeutic perspectives for infections due to multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens","author":"Cornaglia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-75","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in experimental methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus sepsis","author":"Alp","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-76","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Health care-associated infections: is there an end in sight?","author":"Sprague","year":"2009","journal-title":"Issue Brief Natl Health Policy Forum"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.59251-77","first-page":"379","volume-title":"Costs of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its control","author":"Gould","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:56:15Z","timestamp":1786632975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/0974-777X.59251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}},"alternative-id":["59251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-777x.59251","relation":{},"ISSN":["0974-777X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0974-777X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}}}