{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T13:04:25Z","timestamp":1791551065178,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Global Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]},"DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777x.68528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T07:56:09Z","timestamp":1283327769000},"page":"248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Human immunodeficiency virus and leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Noah","family":"Craft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navid","family":"Ezra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MariaTeresa","family":"Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-1","first-page":"357","volume-title":"Leishmania\/HIV co-infections in the second decade","author":"Cruz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-2","first-page":"250","volume-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia-Los Angeles","author":"Centers","year":"1981","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-3","first-page":"1425","volume-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: Evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency","author":"Gottlieb","year":"1981","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-4","first-page":"145","volume-title":"TH1 and TH2 cells: Different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties","author":"Mosmann","year":"1989","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-5","first-page":"2080","volume-title":"QS-21 promotes an adjuvant effect allowing for reduced antigen dose during HIV-1 envelope subunit immunization in humans","author":"Evans","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-6","first-page":"1793","volume-title":"Microparticles in MF59, a potent adjuvant combination for a recombinant protein vaccine against HIV-1","author":"O\u2032Hagan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-7","first-page":"1957","volume-title":"Developing broadly reactive HIV-1\/AIDS vaccines: A review of polyvalent and centralized HIV-1 vaccines","author":"McBurney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-8","first-page":"214","volume-title":"Antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses can be modulated in rhesus macaques through the use of IFN-gamma, IL-12, or IL-18 gene adjuvants","author":"Kim","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Med Primatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-9","first-page":"4192","volume-title":"Augmentation of immune responses to HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccines by IL-2\/Ig plasmid administration in rhesus monkeys","author":"Barouch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-10","first-page":"4967","volume-title":"Comparative ability of plasmid IL-12 and IL-15 to enhance cellular and humoral immune responses elicited by a SIVgag plasmid DNA vaccine and alter disease progression following SHIV(89.6P) challenge in rhesus macaques","author":"Chong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-11","first-page":"18648","volume-title":"Protection against simian\/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) 89.6P in macaques after coimmunization with SHIV antigen and IL-15 plasmid","author":"Boyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-12","first-page":"3677","volume-title":"DNA vaccination of macaques by a full-genome SHIV plasmid that has an IL-2 gene and produces non-infectious virus particles","author":"Horiuchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-13","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Increased level and longevity of protective immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein when combined with IL-21 and IL-15 gene delivery","author":"Bolesta","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-14","first-page":"3873","volume-title":"Differential effects of IL-21 and IL-15 on perforin expression, lysosomal degranulation, and proliferation in CD8 T cells of patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV)","author":"White","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-15","first-page":"436","volume-title":"Immunomodulatory effect of a plasmid expressing CD40 ligand on DNA vaccination against human immunodeficiency virus type-1","author":"Ihata","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-16","first-page":"333","volume-title":"Cytokines as adjuvants for improving anti-HIV responses","author":"Morrow","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-17","first-page":"32","volume-title":"Macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the pathogenesis of HIV infection: Potential target for therapeutic intervention","author":"Haine","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-18","first-page":"722","volume-title":"Resistance to HIV-1 infection in caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene","author":"Samson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-19","first-page":"658","volume-title":"Macrophage are the principal reservoir and sustain high virus loads in rhesus macaques after the depletion of CD4+ T cells by a highly pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus\/HIV type 1 chimera (SHIV): Implications for HIV-1 infections of humans","author":"Igarashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-20","first-page":"114","volume-title":"Detection of infectious HIV in circulating monocytes from patients on prolonged highly active antiretroviral therapy","author":"Lambotte","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-21","first-page":"188","volume-title":"Dynamics of viral load in plasma and HIV DNA in lymphocytes during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): High viral burden in macrophages after 1 year of treatment","author":"Garbuglia","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Chemother"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-22","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Reciprocal expression of interferon gamma or interleukin 4 during the resolution or progression of murine leishmaniasis.Evidence for expansion of distinct helper T cell subsets","author":"Heinzel","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-23","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Leishmaniasis in HIV infection","author":"Paredes","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-3859","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-24","first-page":"1457","volume-title":"TH1 and TH2 cell antigen receptors in experimental leishmaniasis","author":"Reiner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-25","first-page":"535","volume-title":"Immunologic markers of clinical evolution in children recently infected with Leishmania donovani chagasi","author":"Carvalho","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-26","first-page":"908","volume-title":"An analysis of T cell responsiveness in Indian kala-azar","author":"Sacks","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-27","first-page":"2066","volume-title":"Absence of gamma interferon and interleukin 2 production during active visceral leishmaniasis","author":"Carvalho","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-28","first-page":"2626","volume-title":"Potential role for interleukin-10 in the immunosuppression associated with kala azar","author":"Holaday","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-29","first-page":"324","volume-title":"Interleukin 10 production correlates with pathology in human Leishmania donovani infections","author":"Ghalib","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-30","first-page":"323","volume-title":"Cytokines in the differentiation of Th1\/Th2 CD4+ subsets in leishmaniasis","author":"Reiner","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-31","first-page":"2614","volume-title":"Leishmania-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells associated with cure of human cutaneous leishmaniasis","author":"Da","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-32","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Contribution of non-Leishmania-specific immunity to resistance to Leishmania infection in humans","author":"Akuffo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-33","first-page":"2698","volume-title":"Indications of the protective role of natural killer cells in human cutaneous leishmaniasis in an area of endemicity","author":"Maasho","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-34","first-page":"335","volume-title":"Interleukin-12 and its role in the generation of TH1 cells","author":"Trinchieri","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-35","first-page":"88","volume-title":"Cloning of a new cytokine that induces IFN-gamma production by T cells","author":"Okamura","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-36","first-page":"649","volume-title":"Leishmaniasis","author":"Piscopo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-37","first-page":"801","volume-title":"Science, medicine, and the future: Leishmaniasis","author":"Roberts","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-38","first-page":"268","volume-title":"Genetics and visceral leishmaniasis in the Sudan: Seeking a link","author":"Blackwell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-39","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Toll-like receptors and innate immunity","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-40","first-page":"377","volume-title":"The innate immune response against Leishmania parasites","author":"Liese","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-41","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Activation of toll-like receptors by microbial lipoproteins","author":"Sieling","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-42","first-page":"1544","volume-title":"Induction of direct antimicrobial activity through mammalian toll-like receptors","author":"Thoma-Uszynski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-43","first-page":"144","volume-title":"Toll-like receptors in skin infections and inflammatory diseases","author":"Lai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-44","first-page":"178","volume-title":"Innate immune-related receptors in normal and psoriatic skin","author":"Curry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-45","first-page":"424","volume-title":"Human keratinocytes express functional CD14 and toll-like receptor 4","author":"Song","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-46","first-page":"99","volume-title":"[Leishmania mexicana DNA activates murine macrophages and increases their TLR9 expression]","author":"Martinez-Salazar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gac Med Mex"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-47","first-page":"3424","volume-title":"TLR9 signaling is essential for the innate NK cell response in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis","author":"Liese","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-48","first-page":"137","volume-title":"What determines the success or failure of intracellular cutaneous parasites.Lessons learned from leishmaniasis?","author":"Maurer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-49","first-page":"5168","volume-title":"Chemokine gene expression in toll-like receptor-competent and -deficient mice infected with Leishmania major","author":"Antoniazi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-50","first-page":"4237","volume-title":"Genetically resistant mice lacking MyD88-adapter protein display a high susceptibility to Leishmania major infection associated with a polarized Th2 response","author":"Muraille","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-51","first-page":"1582","volume-title":"Distinct roles for IL-1 receptor type I signaling in early versus established Leishmania major infections","author":"Kostka","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-52","first-page":"507","volume-title":"Early mechanisms of Leishmania infection in human blood","author":"Dominguez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-53","first-page":"6901","volume-title":"LIGHT is critical for IL-12 production by dendritic cells, optimal CD4+ Th1 cell response, and resistance to Leishmania major","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-54","first-page":"1208","volume-title":"Leishmaniasis in beige mice","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-55","first-page":"214","volume-title":"Lysis of murine macrophages infected with intracellular pathogens by interleukin 2-activated killer (LAK) cells in vitro","author":"Resnick","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-56","first-page":"567","volume-title":"Natural killer cells are a source of interferon gamma that drives differentiation of CD4+ T cell subsets and induces early resistance to Leishmania major in mice","author":"Scharton","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-57","first-page":"4467","volume-title":"Parasite-driven in vitro human lymphocyte cytotoxicity against autologous infected macrophages from mucosal leishmaniasis","author":"Brodskyn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-58","first-page":"451","volume-title":"The beige mutation in the mouse selectively impairs natural killer cell function","author":"Roder","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-59","first-page":"515","volume-title":"The role of the innate immune response in Th1 cell development following Leishmania major infection","author":"Scharton-Kersten","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-60","first-page":"2821","volume-title":"Altered immune responses and susceptibility to Leishmania major and Staphylococcus aureus infection in IL-18-deficient mice","author":"Wei","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-61","first-page":"3924","volume-title":"IL-2 is necessary for the progression of leishmaniasis in susceptible murine hosts","author":"Heinzel","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-62","first-page":"387","volume-title":"Interleukin 12 is effective treatment for an established systemic intracellular infection: Experimental visceral leishmaniasis","author":"Murray","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-63","first-page":"3155","volume-title":"Early gene expression of NK cell-activating chemokines in mice resistant to Leishmania major","author":"Vester","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-64","first-page":"2220","volume-title":"Early parasite containment is decisive for resistance to Leishmania major infection","author":"Laskay","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-65","first-page":"687","volume-title":"Dendritic cells, but not macrophages, produce IL-12 immediately following Leishmania donovani infection","author":"Gorak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-66","first-page":"3171","volume-title":"Dendritic cell (DC)-based protection against an intracellular pathogen is dependent upon DC-derived IL-12 and can be induced by molecularly defined antigens","author":"Berberich","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-67","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Leishmania lipophosphoglycan (LPG) activates NK cells through toll-like receptor-2","author":"Becker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-68","first-page":"457","volume-title":"Live Leishmania promastigotes can directly activate primary human natural killer cells to produce interferon-gamma","author":"Nylen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-69","first-page":"524","volume-title":"T-cell and cytokine responses in leishmaniasis","author":"Reed","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-70","first-page":"435","volume-title":"Immunopathology of leishmaniasis: An update","author":"Mansueto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-71","first-page":"522","volume-title":"Circulating T helper 1 (Th1) cell- and Th2 cell-associated cytokines in Indian patients with visceral leishmaniasis","author":"Sundar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-72","first-page":"671","volume-title":"CD8 cytotoxic T cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis","author":"Ruiz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-73","first-page":"805","volume-title":"Splenic accumulation of IL-10 mRNA in T cells distinct from CD4+CD25+ (Foxp3) regulatory T cells in human visceral leishmaniasis","author":"Nylen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-74","unstructured":"Karp CL, Auwaerter PG. Coinfection with HIV and tropical infectious diseases. I. Protozoal pathogens. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:1208-13."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-75","first-page":"873","volume-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: What are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control?","author":"Chappuis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-76","first-page":"1124","volume-title":"Leishmania in discarded syringes from intravenous drug users","author":"Cruz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-77","first-page":"380","volume-title":"HIV-1 inhibits Leishmania-induced cell proliferation but not production of interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha","author":"Wolday","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-78","first-page":"328","volume-title":"HIV-Leishmania infantum co-infection: Humoral and cellular immune responses to the parasite after chemotherapy","author":"Moreno","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-79","first-page":"72","volume-title":"Concurrent infections that rise the HIV viral load","author":"Bentwich","year":"2003","journal-title":"J HIV Ther"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-80","first-page":"7282","volume-title":"Activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in monocytoid cells by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani","author":"Bernier","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-81","first-page":"e441","volume-title":"Leishmania infantum amastigotes enhance hiv-1 production in cocultures of human dendritic cells and cd4 t cells by inducing secretion of il-6 and tnf-alpha","author":"Garg","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-82","first-page":"79","volume-title":"The pathogenesis of Leishmania\/HIV co-infection: Cellular and immunological mechanisms","author":"Olivier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-83","first-page":"2379","volume-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 produces immune defects in CD4+ T lymphocytes by inhibiting interleukin 2 mRNA","author":"Oyaizu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-84","first-page":"1565","volume-title":"HIV infection suppresses type 1 lymphokine and IL-12 responses to Toxoplasma gondii but fails to inhibit the synthesis of other parasite-induced monokines","author":"Gazzinelli","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-85","first-page":"459","volume-title":"Kala-azar as an AIDS-related opportunistic infection","author":"Murray","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-86","first-page":"737","volume-title":"Leishmania aethiopica derived from diffuse leishmaniasis patients preferentially induce mRNA for interleukin-10 while those from localized leishmaniasis patients induce interferon-gamma","author":"Akuffo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-87","first-page":"641","volume-title":"Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis: Co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0378-6323","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-88","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in HIV","author":"Mehta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-89","first-page":"60","volume-title":"Duodenal leishmaniasis in a HIV patient","author":"Egea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-90","first-page":"298","volume-title":"Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: The first 10 years","author":"Alvar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-91","first-page":"25","volume-title":"The performance of direct agglutination tests (DAT) in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis among Ethiopian patients with HIV co-infection","author":"Hailu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-92","first-page":"115","volume-title":"The biological diagnosis of leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients","author":"Deniau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-93","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis in an HIV-infected patient","author":"Herrera","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-94","first-page":"32","volume-title":"Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in an HIV-positive patient in western Africa","author":"Niamba","year":"2007","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-95","first-page":"411","volume-title":"Leishmaniasis as an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients: Determinants of relapse and mortality in a collaborative study of 228 episodes in a Mediterreanean region","author":"Pasquau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-96","first-page":"291","volume-title":"HIV-associated visceral leishmaniasis","author":"Pintado","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-97","first-page":"e4918","volume-title":"HIV aspartyl peptidase inhibitors interfere with cellular proliferation, ultrastructure and macrophage infection of Leishmania amazonensis","author":"Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-98","first-page":"1520","volume-title":"Oral miltefosine for leishmaniasis in immunocompromised patients: Compassionate use in 39 patients with HIV infection","author":"Sindermann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-99","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) in Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis: A multi-centre trial","author":"Davidson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-100","first-page":"1063","volume-title":"Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients: A randomized trial comparing meglumine antimoniate with amphotericin B.Spanish HIV-Leishmania Study Group","author":"Laguna","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-101","first-page":"649","volume-title":"Leishmaniasis","author":"Piscopo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-102","first-page":"523","volume-title":"Miltefosine for visceral leishmaniasis relapse treatment and secondary prophylaxis in HIV-infected patients","author":"Marques","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-103","first-page":"78","volume-title":"Long term failure of miltefosine in the treatment of refractory visceral leishmaniasis in AIDS patients","author":"Troya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-104","first-page":"357","volume-title":"A comparison of miltefosine and sodium stibogluconate for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in an Ethiopian population with high prevalence of HIV infection","author":"Ritmeijer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-105","first-page":"455","volume-title":"Successful use of miltefosine and sodium stibogluconate, in combination, for the treatment of an HIV-positive patient with visceral leishmaniasis: A case report and brief review of the literature","author":"Collini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-106","first-page":"1905","volume-title":"Amphotericin B lipid complex: In visceral leishmaniasis","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-107","first-page":"26","volume-title":"Treatment of paediatric visceral leishmaniasis: Amphotericin B or pentavalent antimony compounds?","author":"Kafetzis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-108","first-page":"436","volume-title":"Clinicoepidemiologic characteristics, prognostic factors, and survival analysis of patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and Leishmania in an area of Madrid, Spain","author":"Lopez-Velez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-109","first-page":"298","volume-title":"Frequency of visceral leishmaniasis relapses in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy","author":"Mira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-110","first-page":"973","volume-title":"Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the incidence and clinical manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients","author":"Fernandez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-111","first-page":"143","volume-title":"The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on visceral leishmaniasis in Spanish patients who are co-infected with HIV","author":"Lopez-Velez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-112","first-page":"1184","volume-title":"Declining incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected individuals in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.68528-113","first-page":"633","volume-title":"Influence of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the outcome of subclinical visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients","author":"de","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:55:53Z","timestamp":1786632953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/0974-777X.68528"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}},"alternative-id":["68528"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-777x.68528","relation":{},"ISSN":["0974-777X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0974-777X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}}}