{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:31:55Z","timestamp":1787758315195,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n \n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n species are normal inhabitants of the skin and mucosa. The importance of epidemiological monitoring of yeasts involved in pathogenic processes is unquestionable due to the increase of these infections over the last decade;\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n The clinical samples from the respiratory tract (sputum, bronchial wash, tracheal secretions), saliva, blood, urine, middle ear discharge, vitreous fluid, corneal ulcer, and plastic devices (endotracheal tube, catheter tip, suction tip) were collected and cultured. The species of\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n isolated were identified.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 111 isolates of\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n species were recovered from 250 diverse clinical sources.\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n (39.64%) was the most isolated species, although the\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n non albicans species with 60.36% showed the major prevalence. In blood cultures,\n C. krusei<\/jats:italic>\n (38.23%) and\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n (20.58%) were isolated frequently.\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n (63.27%) was the predominant species in mucosal surface. Urinary tract infections caused by yeasts were more frequent in hospitalized patients,\n C. krusei<\/jats:italic>\n (50.0%) being commonly isolated, followed by\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n (25.0%).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n \n Several virulence factors like, biofilm, proteinase, phospholipase, etc. contribute to the pathogenecity. Early detection of virulence factors by\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n is useful in clinical decision making. We therefore have aimed at demonstrating the formation of biofilm using the method proposed by Branchini\n et al<\/jats:italic>\n , (1994). The proteinase produced by\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n was estimated as per the method of Staib\n et al<\/jats:italic>\n , (1965). Phospholipase assay was carried out as per the method of Samaranayake\n et al<\/jats:italic>\n , (2005).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n \n The data suggests that the capacity of\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n species to produce biofilm may be a reflection of the pathogenic potential of the isolates.\n C. krusei<\/jats:italic>\n and\n C. tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n showed strong slime production. The non-Candida albicans produced more proteinase than\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n .\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n produced higher levels of phospholipase than non\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n albicans in this study.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777x.77288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,5]],"date-time":"2011-03-05T09:48:21Z","timestamp":1299318501000},"page":"4-8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Distribution of Candida Species in Different Clinical Samples and Their Virulence: Biofilm Formation, Proteinase and Phospholipase Production: A Study on Hospitalized Patients in Southern India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Vinitha","family":"Mohandas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Dayanada Sagar Dental College, Bangalore; Kasturba Medical College International Center, Manipal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamatha","family":"Ballal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Dayanada Sagar Dental College, Bangalore; Kasturba Medical College International Center, Manipal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20260605","first-page":"107","article-title":"Prevalence of Candida albicans and Candida non-albicans in clinical samples during 1999-2001","volume":"36","author":"Mujika","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Argent Microbiol"},{"key":"R2-20260605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.4.4.633-638.2005","article-title":"Candida biofilms; an update","volume":"4","author":"Ramage","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"R3-20260605","first-page":"117","article-title":"Candida adherence phenomena, from commensalism to 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from a public hospital of Sao Paulo, Brazil","volume":"154","author":"Matsumato","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"R11-20260605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.4.1244-1248.2002","article-title":"Biofilm production by isolates of Candida species recovered from nonneutropenic patients: Comparison of blood stream isolates from other sources","volume":"40","author":"Shin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R12-20260605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.4.1381-1386.2002","article-title":"Catheter related candidaemia caused by Candida lipolytica in a patient receiving allogenic bone marrow transplantation","volume":"40","author":"D\u2019Antonio","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R13-20260605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3234","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.9.3234-3240.2001","article-title":"Biofilm formation by Candida 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