{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:36:30Z","timestamp":1787070990293,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Oral cancer is one of the most common life-threatening diseases all over the world. Developing countries face several challenges to identify and remove potential risk factors. Chewing tobacco\/pan masala is considered to be the most potent risk factor for oral precancerous lesions and oral cancer.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the relative occurrence of different oral pre-cancerous lesions and oral cancer in North India and to identify the associated risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n A hospital-based study was conducted and 471 subjects were recruited in the study. The subjects comprised patients with squamous cell carcinoma (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 85), oral submucous fibrosis (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 240), leukoplakia (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 32), lichen planus (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 15), and controls (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 99). Statistical analysis of the data was done using Chi-square and regression analysis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n A strong correlation was observed between the presence of the chewing habit in all the oral precancerous lesions and oral cancer. Duration of the habit and intensity of habit ware also strongly correlated with the risk of oral precancerous lesions and oral cancer. Other factors such as alcohol and smoking were found to be less important in concern with oral cancer and precancerous lesions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-5950.154816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,9]],"date-time":"2015-04-09T02:22:03Z","timestamp":1428546123000},"page":"142-148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Prevalence of oral cancer and pre-cancerous lesions and the association with numerous risk factors in North India: A hospital based study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Shalini","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, K.G.M.U., Lucknow, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajender","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O. P.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Career Medical College, Lucknow, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anurag","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, K.G.M.U., Lucknow, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20250925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2003.00507.x","article-title":"Smokeless tobacco and health in India and South Asia","volume":"8","author":"Gupta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"R2-20250925","first-page":"63","article-title":"Comparative epidemiology of oral cancer in Brazil and India","volume":"16","author":"Hamada","year":"1991","journal-title":"Tokai J Exp Clin Med"},{"key":"R3-20250925","first-page":"157","article-title":"Oral Cancer and Some Epidemiological Factors: A Hospital Based Study","volume":"31","author":"Khandekar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ind J Comm Med"},{"key":"R4-20250925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2002249","article-title":"Dietary exposures and oral precancerous lesions in Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, India","volume":"5","author":"Hebert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"R5-20250925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1985.tb00468.x","article-title":"Malignant transformation rate in oral submucous fibrosis over a 17 year period","volume":"13","author":"Murti","year":"1985","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"R6-20250925","first-page":"224","article-title":"Oral submucous fibrosis as a precancerous condition","volume":"92","author":"Pindborg","year":"1984","journal-title":"Scand J Dent Res"},{"key":"R7-20250925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910100118","article-title":"An epidemiological study of oral cancer and precancerous condition among 101,761 villagers in Maharashtra, India","volume":"10","author":"Mehta","year":"1972","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"R8-20250925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345650440032901","article-title":"Frequency of oral carcinoma, leukoplakia, leukokeratosis, leukoedema, sub mucous fibrosis and lichen planus in 10,000 Indians in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India; Preliminary Report","volume":"44","author":"Pindborg","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"R9-20250925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1968.76","article-title":"Prevalence of Oral sub mucous Fibrosis among 50,915 Indian villagers","volume":"22","author":"Pindborg","year":"1968","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"R10-20250925","first-page":"113","article-title":"Oral Sub mucous Fibrosis in India: A new epidemic?","volume":"11","author":"Gupta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Natl Med J Ind"},{"key":"R11-20250925","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tobacco and youth in the South East Asian region","volume":"39","author":"Gupta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J Cancer"},{"key":"R12-20250925","first-page":"133","article-title":"Cancer pattern in Central U.P","volume":"21","author":"Saran","year":"1984","journal-title":"Indian J Cancer"},{"issue":"Supp l","key":"R13-20250925","first-page":"173","article-title":"The cigarette pack as image: New evidence from tobacco industry documents","volume":"11","author":"Wakefield","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"R14-20250925","first-page":"400","article-title":"Age specific incidence rate and pathological spectrum of oral cancer in Allahabad","volume":"57","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J Med Sci"},{"key":"R15-20250925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.8.4.387","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of moist snuff in humans","volume":"8","author":"Fant","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"R16-20250925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1998.tb01915.x","article-title":"Role of chewing and smoking habits in the etiology of oral submucous fibrosis: A case control study","volume":"27","author":"Shah","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"R17-20250925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-8532(22)02487-9","article-title":"Oral cancer: Etiology, recognition and management","volume":"36","author":"Sawyer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dent Clin North Am"},{"key":"R18-20250925","first-page":"586","article-title":"Smokeless tobacco and oral disease: A review","volume":"54","author":"Main","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Can Dent Assoc"},{"key":"R19-20250925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2002.810309.x","article-title":"Smoking during Pregnancy: Comparison of self-reports and cotinine levels in 496 women","volume":"81","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"R20-20250925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1994.tb00258.x","article-title":"Role of areca nut in the causation of oral submucous fibrosis: A case control study in Pakistan","volume":"23","author":"Maher","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"R21-20250925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1159\/000086995","article-title":"Study of tobacco habits and alterations in Patel enzymatic antioxidant system in oral cancer","volume":"68","author":"Patel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"R22-20250925","first-page":"4779","article-title":"Head and neck cancer: A global perspective on epidemiology and prognosis","volume":"18","author":"Sankaranarayan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"}],"container-title":["National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01515625-201405020-00006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:40:01Z","timestamp":1787067601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01515625-201405020-00006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0975-5950.154816","relation":{},"ISSN":["0975-5950","2229-3418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0975-5950","type":"print"},{"value":"2229-3418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}}}