{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:45:01Z","timestamp":1787071501244,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) plays a key role in the structure, function, and esthetic appearance of the facial skeleton. They can account for approximately 40% of mid-face fractures. They are the second most common facial bone fracture after nasal bone injuries. The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. In addition, the fracture components may result in impingement of the temporalis muscle, trismus (difficulty with mastication) and may compromise the infraorbital foramen\/nerve resulting in hypesthesia within its sensory distribution. A 4-year retrospective review of all patients treated with ZMC fractures at oral and maxillofacial surgery department, sree balaji dental college and hospital was performed. Computed tomography scans were reviewed. Demographics, treatment protocols, outcomes, complications, reoperations, and length of follow-up were identified. A total of 245 patients was identified by the Current Procedural Terminology codes for ZMC fractures. Closed or open reduction methods were performed with the goal of treatment being preservation of normal facial structure, sensory function, globe position, and mastication functionality. Unacceptably poor surgical outcomes are uncommon. Significant facial asymmetry requiring surgical revision occurs in 3-4% of patients. Postoperative infection rates are extremely low, and these infections nearly always resolve with oral antibiotics. In general, the long-term prognosis after repair of ZMC fractures is very good.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.155937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,28]],"date-time":"2015-04-28T05:42:03Z","timestamp":1430199723000},"page":"S242-S247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Management of tripod fractures (zygomaticomaxillary complex) 1 point and 2 point fixations: A 5-year review"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Ebenezer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abu","family":"Dakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saravana","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20250922","first-page":"436","article-title":"Zygomatic fractures","volume":"104","author":"Jansma","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd"},{"key":"R2-20250922","first-page":"183","article-title":"An audit of midfacial fractures in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"30","author":"Fasola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Afr J Med Med Sci"},{"key":"R3-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000061010.42215.23","article-title":"The management of orbitozygomatic fractures","volume":"111","author":"Hollier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R4-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9785(80)80003-2","article-title":"Facial fractures. A review of 368 cases","volume":"9","author":"Afzelius","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int J Oral Surg"},{"key":"R6-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2003.50049","article-title":"An assessment of maxillofacial fractures: a 5-year study of 237 patients","volume":"61","author":"Motamedi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R7-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181e62e47","article-title":"Characteristics and epidemiology of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures","volume":"21","author":"Bogusiak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"R8-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4236\/ijohns.2013.22018","article-title":"Steimann pin repair of zygomatic complex fractures","volume":"2","author":"Salinas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"R9-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-4356(86)90031-8","article-title":"Bilateral retrobulbar haemorrhage: a short case report","volume":"24","author":"Ord","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R10-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-4356(94)90166-X","article-title":"Aetiology of maxillofacial fracture","volume":"32","author":"Tanaka","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R11-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(03)00671-2","article-title":"Trends in the characteristics of maxillofacial fractures in Nigeria","volume":"61","author":"Fasola","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R12-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-5182(89)80047-2","article-title":"Malar bone fractures and their sequelae. A statistical study of 1-393 cases covering a period of 20 years","volume":"17","author":"Souyris","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R13-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-4356(91)90115-L","article-title":"Diplopia following midfacial fractures","volume":"29","author":"al-Qurainy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R14-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-4356(91)90114-K","article-title":"The characteristics of midfacial fractures and the association with ocular injury: a prospective study","volume":"29","author":"al-Qurainy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R15-20250922","first-page":"15","article-title":"Zygomatic-orbito-malar fractures. Apropos of 85 cases","volume":"117","author":"Ait Benhamou","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord)"},{"key":"R16-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0503(86)80266-1","article-title":"Facial injuries sustained during sports and games","volume":"14","author":"Linn","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R17-20250922","first-page":"21","article-title":"Sports activities and maxillofacial injuries. Current epidemiologic and clinical aspects relating to a series of 379 cases (1982-1998)","volume":"49","author":"De Gioanni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatol"},{"key":"R18-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(98)90146-9","article-title":"Etiology and incidence of maxillofacial fractures in the north of Jordan","volume":"86","author":"Bataineh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"R19-20250922","first-page":"49","article-title":"Fifteen-year statistics and observation of facial bone fracture","volume":"41","author":"Muraoka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Osaka City Med J"},{"key":"R20-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2011.02.073","article-title":"Comparison of 1-point fixation with 2-point fixation in treating tripod fractures of the zygoma","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R21-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.4236\/ojst.2011.14026","article-title":"Clinical and radiographic evaluation of surgical treatment of zygomatic fractures using 1.5 mm miniplates system","volume":"1","author":"Hasse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open J Stomatol"},{"key":"R22-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199804040-00003","article-title":"Evolving thoughts on correcting posttraumatic enophthalmos","volume":"101","author":"Longaker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R23-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2008.01.005","article-title":"Ocular findings in patients with orbitozygomatic complex fractures: a retrospective study","volume":"66","author":"Barry","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R24-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-1237(09)80124-X","article-title":"Management of zygomatic complex fracture in armed forces","volume":"65","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"key":"R25-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(85)80049-5","article-title":"An analysis of 2,067 cases of zygomatico-orbital fracture","volume":"43","author":"Ellis","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R26-20250922","first-page":"563","article-title":"Clinical studies on treatment of fractures of the zygomatic bone","volume":"28","author":"Nam","year":"1990","journal-title":"Taehan Chikkwa Uisa Hyophoe Chi"},{"key":"R27-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181c36304","article-title":"Patient satisfaction after open reduction and internal fixation of zygomatic bone fractures","volume":"21","author":"Kurita","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"R28-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-4356(94)90047-7","article-title":"The management of zygomatic complex fractures \u2013 results of a survey","volume":"32","author":"McLoughlin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R29-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-4356(88)90046-0","article-title":"Are post-operative radiographs necessary in the management of simple fractures of the zygomatic complex?","volume":"26","author":"Ogden","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R30-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(00)80009-9","article-title":"Efficacy of a single occipitomental radiograph to screen for midfacial fractures","volume":"58","author":"Pogrel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R31-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181e62cb2","article-title":"First percutaneous reduction and next external suspension with Steinmann pin and Kirschner wire of isolated zygomatic fractures","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"R32-20250922","first-page":"949","article-title":"Clinical study on surgical treatment of zygoma fractures","volume":"27","author":"Chae","year":"1989","journal-title":"Taehan Chikkwa Uisa Hyophoe Chi"},{"key":"R33-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199007000-00004","article-title":"Zygomatic fractures: comparison of methods of internal fixation","volume":"86","author":"Davidson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R34-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1991.01870180047010","article-title":"Treatment of 813 zygoma-lateral orbital complex fractures. New aspects","volume":"117","author":"Zingg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"R35-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(92)90266-3","article-title":"Classification and treatment of zygomatic fractures: a review of 1,025 cases","volume":"50","author":"Zingg","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R36-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199408000-00016","article-title":"Changing patterns in the epidemiology and treatment of zygoma fractures: 10-year review","volume":"37","author":"Covington","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"R37-20250922","first-page":"200","article-title":"Do patients with facial trauma to the orbito-zygomatic region also sustain significant ocular injuries?","volume":"41","author":"Jayamanne","year":"1996","journal-title":"J R Coll Surg Edinb"},{"key":"R38-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(96)80144-2","article-title":"Blindness after facial trauma","volume":"81","author":"Zachariades","year":"1996","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"R39-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(98)90757-1","article-title":"Blindness associated with midfacial fractures","volume":"56","author":"Ashar","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R40-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-2197.2003.02595.x","article-title":"Fractured zygomas","volume":"73","author":"Tadj","year":"2003","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"R41-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1979.00790180018004","article-title":"Fractures of the zygoma. A geometric, biomechanical, and surgical analysis","volume":"105","author":"Karlan","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol"},{"key":"R42-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SCS.0000157308.39420.74","article-title":"Treatment of zygomatic fractures without inferior orbital rim fixation","volume":"16","author":"Yonehara","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"R43-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(84)90391-4","article-title":"Late treatment of malunited malar fractures","volume":"42","author":"Perino","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R45-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90318-5","article-title":"Effect of seat-belt legislation","volume":"2","author":"Steele","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R46-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(86)90079-0","article-title":"Fractures of the zygomatic complex","volume":"44","author":"Chuong","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01438291-201507001-00067","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:47:03Z","timestamp":1787068023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01438291-201507001-00067"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl 1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0975-7406.155937","relation":{},"ISSN":["0976-4879","0975-7406"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0976-4879","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-7406","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-10-31","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-11-09","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}