{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:28:53Z","timestamp":1792445333883,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Medknow","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Basic Clin Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.195097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,2]],"date-time":"2016-12-02T02:09:36Z","timestamp":1480644576000},"page":"25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Nociceptive Activities of Stem-Bark Extracts and Fractions of Carpolobia Lutea (Polygalaceae)"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"LuckyLegbosi","family":"Nwidu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blessing","family":"Airhihen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustine","family":"Ahmadu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2581","reference":[{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-1","first-page":"52","volume-title":"Genetics ignite focus on microglial inflammation in Alzheimer\u2032s disease","author":"Malik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-2","first-page":"232","volume-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2032s disease and prion disease","author":"Eikelenboom","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-3","first-page":"1107","volume-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction, free radical generation and cellular stress response in neurodegenerative disorders","author":"Mancuso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-4","first-page":"232","volume-title":"The role of nitric oxide in multiple sclerosis","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-5","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Inflammation in ischemic brain injury: Timing is important","author":"Kriz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-6","first-page":"237","volume-title":"Anti-inflammatory and phytochemical properties of twelve medicinal plants used for treating gastro-intestinal ailments in South Africa","author":"Fawole","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-7","first-page":"4","volume-title":"Urinary diseases and ethnobotany among pastoral nomads in the Middle East","author":"Abu-Rabia","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol Ethnomed"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-8","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Polyphenols: A potential new strategy for the prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression","author":"Bouayed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Food Sci"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-9","first-page":"228","volume-title":"Exogenous antioxidants - Double-edged swords in cellular redox state: Health beneficial effects at physiologic doses versus deleterious effects at high doses","author":"Bouayed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-10","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Biological activities and distribution of plant saponins","author":"Sparg","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-11","unstructured":"Bruneton J. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants. France: Lavoisier; 1995. p. 265-380."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-12","first-page":"963","volume-title":"Cardiovascular effects of flavonoids are not caused only by direct antioxidant activity","author":"Mladenka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-13","first-page":"176","volume-title":"Comparative antiplasmodial, leishmanicidal and antitrypanosomal activities of several biflavonoids","author":"Weniger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-14","first-page":"2868","volume-title":"Inflammation: The foundation of diseases and disorders.A review of phytomedicines of South African origin used to treat pain and inflammatory conditions","author":"Iwalewa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Afr J Biotechnol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-15","first-page":"158","volume-title":"Effect of beta-escin sodium on endothelial cells proliferation, migration and apoptosis","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vascul Pharmacol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-16","first-page":"895","volume-title":"Gallotannin inhibits the expression of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines in A549 cells","author":"Erd\u00e8lyi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-17","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of alkaloids: A twenty-century review","author":"Barbosa-Filho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Bras Farmacognosia"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-18","first-page":"132","volume-title":"The aphrodisiac herb Carpolobia: A biopharmacological and phytochemical review","author":"Nwidu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-19","unstructured":"Nwidu LL, Nwafor PA. Gastroprotective effects of leaf extracts of Carpolobia lutea (Polygalaceae) G. Don. in rats. Afr J Biotechnol 2009;8:15-9."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-20","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Anti-nociceptive effects of Carpolobia lutea G.Don (Polygalaceae) leaf fractions in animal models","author":"Nwidu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-21","first-page":"257","volume-title":"Antidiarrheal mechanism and ionic profile of Carpolobia lutea ethanolic stem-bark extract in rats","author":"Nwidu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-22","first-page":"323","volume-title":"Antimicrobial activity of Carpolobia lutea extracts and fractions","author":"Nwidu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-23","first-page":"154","volume-title":"Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effect of Carpolobia lutea Leaf extract in rodents","author":"Nwidu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Res J Pharm"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-24","first-page":"28","volume-title":"Neuropharmacological screening and isolation of cinnamoyl and coumaroyl-glucosides from leaf fraction of Carpolobia lute G.Don (Polygalaceae)","author":"Nwidu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Nov Drug Deliv"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-25","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Antiulcer effect of ethyl acetate extract of Carpolobia lutea Leaf","author":"Nwidu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Pharm Sci"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-26","unstructured":"Nwidu LL. Pharmacological Characterization of Antiulcer Principles in C. lutea Leaf. A Ph.D Thesis of the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo; 2010. p. 211-2."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-27","first-page":"275","volume-title":"A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing","author":"Lorke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-28","first-page":"544","volume-title":"Carrageenan-induced edema in hind paw of the rat as an assay for antiiflammatory drugs","author":"Winter","year":"1962","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-29","first-page":"228","volume-title":"Antiinflammatory efficacy of extracts of latex of Calotropis procera against different mediators of inflammation","author":"Arya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Res Commun"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okoli CO, Akah PA, Nwafor SV, Anisiobi AI, Ibegbunam IN, Erojikwe O. Anti-inflammatory activity of hexane leaf extract of Aspilia africana C.D. Adams. J Ethnopharmacol 2007;109:219-25.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.07.037"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-31","first-page":"1929","volume-title":"Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Vitex doniana leaves","author":"Iwueke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Afr J Biotechnol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mabry TJ, Markham KR, Thomas MB. The Systematic Identification of Flavonoids. New York: A Springer-Verlag Publication; 1970. p. 65-73, 126-34.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-88458-0"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-33","unstructured":"Fossen T, Oyvind M. Spectroscopic technique applied to flavonoids. In: Anderson M, Markham KR, editors. Flavonoids, Chemistry, Biochemistry and Applications. New York: A Taylor Publication; 2006. p. 53-5."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harbone JB, Mabry TJ, Mabry H, editors. The Flavonoids. Vol. 1. New York: Academic Press; 1975.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2909-9"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-35","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Studies on the mediators of the acute inflammatory response induced in rats in different sites by carrageenan and turpentine","author":"Di","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-36","first-page":"477","volume-title":"Sildenafil offers protection against NSAID-induced gastric injury","author":"Sawatzky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-37","unstructured":"Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Moore PK. Pharmacology. 5 th ed. Edinburg: Churchill Livingstone; 2003. p. 217-41."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-38","first-page":"179","volume-title":"Evaluation of Nigerian traditional medicines: 1.Plants used for rheumatic (inflammatory) disorders","author":"Akah","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-39","first-page":"45673","volume-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids: Genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, and daidzein inhibit STAT-1 and NF-kappaB activations, whereas flavone, isorhamnetin, naringenin, and pelargonidin inhibit only NF-kappaB activation along with their inhibitory effect on iNOS expression and NO production in activated macrophages","author":"H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-40","first-page":"115","volume-title":"The anti-inflammatory effect of kaempferol on early atherosclerosis in high cholesterol fed rabbits","author":"Kong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-41","first-page":"221","volume-title":"The anti-inflammatory flavones quercetin and kaempferol cause inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and reactive C-protein, and down-regulation of the nuclear factor kappaB pathway in Chang Liver cells","author":"Garc\u00eda-Mediavilla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-42","first-page":"246","volume-title":"The use of changes in capillary permeability in mice to distinguish between narcotic and nonnarcotic Alalgesics","author":"Whittle","year":"1964","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol Chemother"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-43","first-page":"597","volume-title":"Animal models of nociception","author":"Le","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-44","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Kaempferol and inflammation: From chemistry to medicine","author":"Devi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-0105.195097-45","first-page":"172","volume-title":"Quercetin.Monograph","author":"Kelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Altern Med Rev"}],"container-title":["Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]],"date-time":"2019-09-16T01:49:36Z","timestamp":1568598576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jbclinpharm.org\/text.asp?2017\/8\/1\/25\/195097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}},"alternative-id":["195097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0976-0105.195097","relation":{},"ISSN":["0976-0105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0976-0105","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}}}