{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T12:08:46Z","timestamp":1756382926844},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"03","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]],"date-time":"2019-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1670,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) has evolved from devic\u2032s classical description to a broader disease spectrum, from monophasic illness to a polyphasic illness with multiple recurrences, disease confined to optic nerve and spinal cord to now brain stem, cerebrum and even endocrinopathy due to hypothalamic involvement. Objectives: To report, the epidemiological characteristics, clinical presentations, recurrence rate, treatment and response to therapy in 26 patients with NMO and NMO spectrum disorder among the Indian population. Methods: We performed observational, retrospective analysis of our prospectively maintained data base of patients with NMO, longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis during the period of January 2003-December 2012 who satisfied the national multiple sclerosis society (NMSS) task force criteria for diagnosis of NMO and NMO spectrum disorder. Results: There were 26 patients (female: male, 21:5), the mean age of onset of symptom was 27 years (range 9-58, standard deviation = 12). Twenty-one patients (80%) fulfilled NMSS criteria for NMO while rest 5 patients (20%) were considered as NMO spectrum disorder. Seven patients (27%) had a monophasic illness, 19 patients (73%) had a polyphasic illness with recurrences. The Median recurrence rate was 4\/patient in the polyphasic group. 13 (50%) patient were tested for aquaporin 4 antibody, 8 (61%) were positive while 5 patients (39%) were negative. All patients received intravenous methyl prednisolone, 9 patients (35%) required further treatment for acute illness in view of unresponsiveness to steroids. Thirteen patients (50%) received disease-modifying agents for recurrences. Mean duration of follow-up was 5 years. All patients had a good outcome (modified Rankin scale, &lt;3) except one who had poor visual recovery. Conclusion: Neuromyelitis optica\/NMO spectrum disorder is demyelinating disorder with female predominance, polyphasic course, myelitis being most common event although brain stem involvement is not uncommon with NMO antibody positivity in 60% patients, confirms the literature data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.158755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]],"date-time":"2015-06-15T09:56:36Z","timestamp":1434362196000},"page":"331-335","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Natural history and long-term outcome, an Indian experience"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sujit Abajirao","family":"Jagtap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alok","family":"Mandliya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Sarada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. D.","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]]},"container-title":["Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.4103\/0976-3147.158755.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T04:21:01Z","timestamp":1691209261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ruralneuropractice.com\/neuromyelitis-optica-and-neuromyelitis-optica-spectrum-disorder-natural-history-and-long-term-outcome-an-indian-experience\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0976-3147.158755","relation":{},"ISSN":["0976-3147","0976-3155"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0976-3147","type":"print"},{"value":"0976-3155","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}}}