{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T03:26:28Z","timestamp":1761017188870},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"02","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":886,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objectives: Lennox\u2013Gastaut syndrome is a catastrophic epileptic encephalopathy. In Lennox\u2013Gastaut syndrome, seizures are resistant to pharmacological treatment. In this prospective study, we evaluated the clinical features, neuroimaging, and response to treatment. Materials and Methods: Forty-three consecutive newly diagnosed patients of Lennox\u2013Gastaut syndrome were enrolled in the study. Baseline clinical assessment included seizure semiology, seizure frequency, electroencephalography, and neuroimaging. Patients were treated with combinations of preferred antiepileptic drugs (sodium valproate [VPA], clobazam [CLB], levetiracetam [LVT], lamotrigine [LMT], and topiramate [TPM]). Patients were followed for 6 months. The outcome was assessed using modified Barthel index. Results: Tonic and generalized tonic-clonic forms were the most common seizures types. Features suggestive of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (37.2%) were most frequent neuroimaging abnormality. Neuroimaging was normal in 32.6% of patients. With a combination valproic acid (VPA), CLB, and LVT, in 81.4% of patients, we were able to achieve &gt;50% reduction in seizure frequency. Eleven (25.58%) patients showed an improvement in the baseline disability status. Conclusions: A combination of VPA, CLB, and LVT is an appropriate treatment regimen for patients with Lennox\u2013Gastaut syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.203820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]],"date-time":"2017-04-05T13:45:47Z","timestamp":1491399947000},"page":"225-227","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Lennox\u2013Gastaut Syndrome: A Prospective Follow-up Study"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"08","author":[{"given":"Bhanu Pratap","family":"Rathaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravindra Kumar","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hardeep Singh","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Praveen Kumar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Uniyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-3147.203820-1","first-page":"82","volume-title":"Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: A consensus approach on diagnosis, assessment, management, and trial methodology","author":"Arzimanoglou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-3147.203820-2","first-page":"536","volume-title":"The Lennox-Gastaut syndrome","author":"Livingston","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-3147.203820-3","first-page":"426","volume-title":"Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (childhood epileptic encephalopathy)","author":"Markand","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-3147.203820-4","first-page":"e281","volume-title":"Diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children: Summary of updated NICE guidance","author":"Nunes","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-3147.203820-5","first-page":"389","volume-title":"Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy","author":"Proposal","year":"1989","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-3147.203820-6","first-page":"1212","volume-title":"Glossary of descriptive terminology for ictal semiology: Report of the ILAE task force on classification and terminology","author":"Blume","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-3147.203820-7","first-page":"CD003277","volume-title":"Treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome","author":"Hancock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-3147.203820-8","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Introduction: Recommendations regarding management of patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome","author":"Pellock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-3147.203820-9","first-page":"395","volume-title":"Long-term seizure outcome in 74 patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: Effects of incorporating MRI head imaging in defining the cryptogenic subgroup","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0976-3147.203820-10","first-page":"98","volume-title":"Relationship of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome with perinatal event: A cross-sectional study","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurosci","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1817-1745","issn-type":"print"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosciences in Rural 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