{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:39:13Z","timestamp":1786649953091,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the increasing global importance of gestational weight gain (GWG) and its impact on birthweight, little is known about the patterns of GWG in African populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the pattern of GWG and its association with birthweight in Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It was a longitudinal study of 200 pregnant women receiving antenatal care at two tertiary hospitals in Enugu, south eastern Nigeria. The women were consecutively recruited at &lt;14 weeks gestation and their body mass indexes recorded upon recruitment. Thereafter, weight measurements were taken at each visit until 38\u201339 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean total GWG was 10.7 \u00b1 3.4 kg, while mean birthweight was 3.3 \u00b1 0.6 kg. GWG in second trimester had positive correlation with birthweight (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.164,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02). Obese women gained above the recommended limits by the \u201cinstitute of medicine\u201d while underweight women gained below the limits. Excessive total GWG was associated with higher risk of macrosomia [8\/21 (38.1%) vs. 7\/179; RR: 9.74; 95% CI: 3.9\u201324.2;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001] while inadequate total GWG was associated with higher risk of low birth weight [7\/72 (9.7%) vs. 3\/128 (2.3%; RR: 4.15; 95% CI: 1.1\u201315.4;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03]. Maternal age of &lt;35 years, high social class, nulliparity, and regular antenatal care were associated with normal GWG while maternal age &lt;35 years and regular antenatal care were associated with normal birthweight (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women should be counseled on the factors that influence GWG and birthweight. Interventions to assist women achieve appropriate GWG may need to include components related to improved dietary intake for the underweight and increased physical activity for the obese.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.208958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]],"date-time":"2017-07-03T23:31:48Z","timestamp":1499124708000},"page":"754-760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Patterns of Gestational Weight Gain and its Association with Birthweight in Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"CI","family":"Onwuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"EO","family":"Ugwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HE","family":"Onah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SN","family":"Obi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CI","family":"Onwuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"IE","family":"Menuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"II","family":"Okafor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1159\/000095286","article-title":"Maternal weight gain rate in the second trimester are associated with birth weight and length of gestation","volume":"63","author":"Sekiya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"R2-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.3109\/14767050903387037","article-title":"The effects of maternal weight gain patterns on term birth weight in African-American women","volume":"23","author":"Misra","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"R4-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)34050-6","article-title":"The effect of gestational weight gain by body mass index on maternal and neonatal outcomes","volume":"31","author":"Crane","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"R5-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/37.4.166","article-title":"Maternal weight gain in Africans. 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