{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T10:18:02Z","timestamp":1774952282496,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1707,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objectives: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a highly lethal, progressively epidemic viral infection characterized by profound impairment of the immune system. Oral manifestations are common in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected AIDS patients, and are usually the first indicator of symptom and disease progression. The main objective of the current study was to compare the prevalence of oral manifestations in HIV patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) with those, not on HAART therapies. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 100 patients diagnosed as human immune virus sero-positive. These patients were divided equally into two groups (50 each); Group I patients on HAART and Group II patients who were not on HAART. Information regarding age, sex and cluster of differentiation 4 cell count was obtained from the medical records. Oral examination was done, and findings were recorded by using internationally accepted presumptive clinical criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square statistical test. Results: The presence of oral manifestations was significantly decreased in subjects on HAART (32%) compared to those who are not on HAART (56%). The most common oral lesions detected in patients on HAART were increased oral hyper-pigmentation (14%), recurrent aphthous stomatitis (8%), non-specific ulcerations (4%), pseudo-membranous candidiasis (2%), periodontitis (2%) and xerostomia (2%), whereas in non HAART oral hyperpigmentation (10%), pseudo-membranous candidiasis (8%), angular cheilitis (4%), and erythematous candidiasis (4%) and Periodontitis (14%) were more prevalent. Conclusion: The number and severity of oral manifestation decreased, and even there was a change in the type of oral manifestations on HAART, which may be because of the improvement in immunity gained by the therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.149640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]],"date-time":"2015-01-20T01:54:47Z","timestamp":1421718887000},"page":"047-052","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral manifestation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Karnataka, India"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"09","author":[{"given":"Neelkant","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Vyas Dental College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vishwajit Rampratap","family":"Chaurasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KLE Dental College, Belgaum, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prashant","family":"Babaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics, Vyas Dental College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dnsv","family":"Ramesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, AME'S Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kshitij","family":"Jhamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Indraprasthaal College, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akanksha Manmohan","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BDS Student, KLE Dental College, Belgaum, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-1","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Oral manifestations of HIV infection and their correlation with CD4 count","author":"Bodhade","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Oral Sci"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-2","first-page":"8","volume-title":"A study of oral manifestation of HIV\/AIDS","author":"Shrimali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Path"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-3","unstructured":"AIDS. Available from: http:\/\/www.aids.gov\/federal-resources\/around-the-world\/global-aids-overview. [Last assessed on 2014 May 14]."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-4","first-page":"964278","volume-title":"Prevalence of oral manifestations and their association with CD4\/CD8 ratio and HIV viral load in South India","author":"Gaurav","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-5","first-page":"802","volume-title":"1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults","author":"Castro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-6","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Relationship between clinical conditions and CD4 counts in HIV-infected persons in Pune, Maharashtra, India","author":"Ghate","year":"2000","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-7","unstructured":"Hoffmann C, Kamps BS. HIV Medicine 2003. Paris: Flying Publisher; 2003. p. 15-8."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-8","first-page":"136","volume-title":"Oral lesions among persons with HIV disease with and without highly active antiretroviral therapy in southern India","author":"Umadevi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-9","first-page":"623","volume-title":"The effect of antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral manifestations in HIV-infected patients: A UK study","author":"Tappuni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-10","first-page":"S364","volume-title":"Oral manifestations of HIV patients in South Indian population","author":"Annapurna","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-11","first-page":"150","volume-title":"Oral manifestation of HIV\/AIDS infections in paediatric Nigerian patients","author":"Adebola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Niger Med J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-1652","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-12","first-page":"200","volume-title":"Prevalence of oral lesions and the effects of HAART in adult HIV patients attending a tertiary hospital in Lagos, Nigeria","author":"Eweka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open J Stomatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-13","first-page":"448","volume-title":"Prevalence of oral lesions and periodontal diseases in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy","author":"Kroidl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-14","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Oral lesions of HIV disease and HAART in industrialized countries","author":"Hodgson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv Dent Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-15","first-page":"12","volume-title":"Oral manifestations of HIV infection in children and adults receiving highly active anti-retroviral therapy [HAART] in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","author":"Hamza","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-16","first-page":"19","volume-title":"The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the clinical features of HIV-related oral lesions in Nigeria","author":"Taiwo","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-17","first-page":"537","volume-title":"Oral manifestations in HIV\/AIDS infected patients from India","author":"Sharma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-18","first-page":"152","volume-title":"Oral lesions and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in 300 south Indian patients","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-19","first-page":"276","volume-title":"Orofacial and systemic manifestations in 212 paediatric HIV patients from Chennai, South India","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-20","first-page":"397","volume-title":"Effects of long-term use of HAART on oral health status of HIV-infected subjects","author":"Nittayananta","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-21","first-page":"82","volume-title":"Mucocutaneous manifestations of HIV infection","author":"Shobhana","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0378-6323","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-22","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Oral manifestations of an HIV positive cohort in the era of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in South London","author":"Eyeson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/1305-7456.149640-23","unstructured":"Nawaz T, Narain JP. Emanuele pontal. The Use of Antiretroviral Therapy: A Simplified Approach for Resource-Constrained Countries. Sea-AIDS. New Delhi, India: WHO-Searo; 2002. p. 133."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.4103\/1305-7456.149640.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T19:32:11Z","timestamp":1569267131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.4103\/1305-7456.149640"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1305-7456.149640","relation":{},"ISSN":["1305-7456","1305-7464"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1305-7456","type":"print"},{"value":"1305-7464","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}}}