{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:21:03Z","timestamp":1787775663633,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Testing for proteinuria is used to screen for diabetic nephropathy. However, significant proportion of diabetics has normal urine protein excretion despite impaired renal function. We aimed to determine the factors predicting increased urine protein excretion in patients with type 2 diabetes. This was a cross-sectional study of 358 type 2 diabetics attending the diabetes clinic of a teaching hospital in Lagos. Data regarding patients\u2019 demographic characteristics, and disease history were retrieved. Clinical measurement and samples for determination of plasma creatinine, and urine protein\/creatinine ratio were obtained. Comparison of means was by student's t-test, while for percentages, Chi-square test was used. Relationship between glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urine protein excretion was assessed using linear regression while factors associated with increased urine protein was determined excretion logistic regression analysis. Level of statistical significance was set at\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.05. Mean age was 57.84 + 11.12 years and mean duration of diabetes was 8.63 + 7.53 years. Urine protein excretion was increased in 191 (53.4%) of the patients. Patients with increased urine protein excretion were more likely to be hypertensive, to be on an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker had a higher mean systolic blood pressure, and a lower mean GFR. Patients with a GFR &lt;60 mL\/min\/1.73 m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      had a six-fold increased odds of having increased urine protein excretion, while patients on an inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system had a 50% reduced odds of having increased urine protein excretion. Proteinuria and reduced GFR are common among sub-Saharan African patients with type 2 diabetes. GFR below 60 mL\/min\/1.73 m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      and not receiving an inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system predict increased urine protein excretion in them.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.220869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,18]],"date-time":"2017-12-18T23:35:26Z","timestamp":1513640126000},"page":"1381-1388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Pattern and Predictors of Urine Protein Excretion among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Attending a Single Tertiary Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Babawale T.","family":"Bello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiana O.","family":"Amira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-18-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60687-X","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease: Global dimension and perspectives","volume":"382","author":"Jha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R2-18-20260302","first-page":"143","article-title":"The growing global burden of end stage renal disease (ESRD)","volume":"18","author":"Arikan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Marmara Med J"},{"key":"R3-18-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.63.s83.25.x","article-title":"End-stage renal disease in Sub-Saharan and South Africa","volume":"63","author":"Naicker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"R4-18-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1258\/004947506778604797","article-title":"The increasing prevalence of diabetic nephropathy as a cause of end stage renal disease in Nigeria","volume":"36","author":"Alebiosu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"R5-18-20260302","first-page":"594","article-title":"The pattern, clinical characteristics and outcome of ESRD in Ile-Ife, Nigeria: Is there a change in trend","volume":"11","author":"Arogundade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"R6-18-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.1.164","article-title":"Diabetic nephropathy: Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment","volume":"28","author":"Gross","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R7-18-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.128","article-title":"Diabetic kidney disease: A clinical update from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes","volume":"87","author":"Molitch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R8-18-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.41.5.581","article-title":"Glomerular structure in IDDM women with low glomerular filtration rate and normal urinary albumin excretion","volume":"41","author":"Lane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"R9-18-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.4.1036","article-title":"Low glomerular filtration rate in normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients: An indicator of more advanced glomerular lesions","volume":"52","author":"Caramori","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"R10-18-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.1.195","article-title":"Nonalbuminuric renal insufficiency in type 2 diabetes","volume":"27","author":"MacIsaac","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R11-18-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.24.3273","article-title":"Renal insufficiency in the absence of albuminuria and retinopathy among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"289","author":"Kramer","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R12-18-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2006.06.028","article-title":"A community-based study of chronic kidney disease among type 2 diabetics in Kinmen, Taiwan","volume":"75","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"R13-18-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2013.835266","article-title":"Non-albuminuric renal disease among subjects with advanced stages of chronic kidney failure related to type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"36","author":"Boronat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"R14-18-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00002","article-title":"A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: A new prediction equation. 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