{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:28:00Z","timestamp":1787761680862,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"\n \n \n Urinary tract infection is the second-most common after respiratory infections. This is a single-center retrospective study conducted in Bahrain Specialist Hospital, Bahrain. Urine culture data from November 2011 until December 2020 was obtained from the hospital database. Out of 28082, 4849 (17.3%) cultures were positive. One hundred and thirty-four (2.8%) showed the growth of multiple organisms. The male-to-female ratio was 3.7. Most of the patients [1872 (39.7%)] were 20\u201340 years. Men and women were 53.84 \u00b1 25.85 and 43.41 \u00b1 23.89 years, respectively;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.001. 4118\/4715 (87.3%) were Gram-negative. Five hundred and sixty-four (11.9 %) and 33 (0.7%) were Gram-positive cocci and fungi, respectively.\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n (\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n ) was the most common and\n Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n species were second-most common, accounting for 2916 (61.8%) and 586 (12.4%), respectively. 30.2% of all\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n and 130 (22.2%) of all\n Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n species were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers. ESBL\n Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n were present more in inpatients (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.001).\n P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n was found more in women (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.001).\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n was resistant to cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin in 28%, 17.3%, and 18.1%, respectively. ESBL\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n and ESBL\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate, cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin in 73.8%, 62.3%, 62.4%, 58.4% and 68.2%, 62.6%, 55.7%, and 41.8% respectively. There is a high incidence of ESBL\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n and ESBL\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n . There is alarmingly increased resistance of\n P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n to carbapenems. Amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefixime, and cefuroxime are suitable oral antibiotics for empirical treatment. For sick patients, piperacillin-tazobactam, aminoglycosides, and carbapenems should be considered. Antibiotic stewardship is the need of an hour.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.374382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T11:42:43Z","timestamp":1681904563000},"page":"S53-S60","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Microbiological Spectrum and Antibiogram of Urinary Tract Infection in a Tertiary Care Center from the Kingdom of Bahrain"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Rayees Yousuf","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soni","family":"Murdeshwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teerath Kumar","family":"Maheshwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saramma","family":"Chacko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-6-20230924","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-687","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of urinary tract bacterial infections in Dessie area, North-East Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Abejew","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"R2-6-20230924","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02503-10","article-title":"Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Escherichia coli isolates from patients with urinary tract infections in 20 Chinese hospitals","volume":"49","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R3-6-20230924","first-page":"15","article-title":"Correlationbetween virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of E. coli, with special reference to uropathogenic E. coli","volume":"14","author":"Kukanu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dent Med Sci"},{"key":"R4-6-20230924","first-page":"C01","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in uropathogenic E. coli strains isolated from non-hospitalized patients in Pakistan","volume":"8","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"R5-6-20230924","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822011000400005","article-title":"Multiple drug resistance patterns in various phylogenetic groups of uropathogenic E. coli isolated from Faisalabad region of Pakistan","volume":"42","author":"Bashir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"key":"R6-6-20230924","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70189-4","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. 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21st century a clinical superchallenge","volume":"360","author":"Arias","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1319-2442.374382","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:02:39Z","timestamp":1787760159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1319-2442.374382"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl 1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1319-2442.374382","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-2442"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1319-2442","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}}}