{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:29:32Z","timestamp":1786728572495,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is the most common cause of NS in children. It is characterized by the existence of edema, proteinuria, and hypoalbuminemia, as well as repeated relapses. The etiology remains unknown, but new evidence for its pathogenesis relates to the dysfunction of T-regulatory (T-reg) cells, which could be caused by dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of prebiotics and probiotics as adjuvant therapies for children with relapsing INS. The study was designed as a prospective open-label randomized clinical trial involving 30 children diagnosed with relapsing INS. The children were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 was treated with prednisone only, and Group 2 was treated with prebiotics and probiotics in addition to prednisone. Fresh stool samples were collected from the children.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species were isolated and identified by conventional microbiological methods. The total number of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species was counted for each stool sample. The population of T-reg cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells was analyzed using flow cytometry. Children treated with prebiotics and probiotics in addition to steroids showed a significant increase in T-reg cells (CD4+\/CD25+\/FOXp3+) in the peripheral blood and a higher count of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species in their stool alongside a significant decrease in the rate of relapses in this group compared with Group 1. Treatment with prebiotics and probiotics signi-ficantly increased T-reg cells and decreased the rate of relapse in INS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.384189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T04:44:50Z","timestamp":1692679490000},"page":"S169-S178","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics as an Adjuvant Therapy in Children with Idiopathic Relapsing Nephrotic Syndrome: A Prospective Open-label Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Rehab Ahmed","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherin Khamis","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvana Nady","family":"Gaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Abonaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walaa","family":"Abdelfattah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman Sayed","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy Fakhry","family":"Boushra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20230915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.17554\/j.issn.2410-0579.2018.04.28","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome in children-present state and future perspectives","volume":"4","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nephrol Res"},{"key":"R2-20230915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00380116","article-title":"Ethnic differences in incidence and outcomes of childhood nephrotic syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Banh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R3-20230915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-012-2310-x","article-title":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. 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