{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T15:22:33Z","timestamp":1788189753833,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"\n PURPOSE:<\/jats:title>\n To determine the prevalence of refractive errors among Saudi adults in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n A cross-sectional study was conducted targeting healthy Saudi adults (20\u201340 years old) at two major gatherings in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from December 2018 to January 2019. Refractive errors were measured, and data pertaining to age, sex, region of origin, and spectacle use was collected. Clinically significant myopia was defined as SE \u2265 -0.50 D, hyperopia as SE \u2265 0.50D, and astigmatism as cylindrical error \u2265 0.50D. Refractive error measurements were assessed using Topcon's Auto-Kerato-Refractometer, KR-800.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 660 adult individuals (1,319 eyes) were included in this study, of which 321 participants (48.7%) were found to be myopes, 167 subjects (25.2%) were hyperopes, and 438 individuals (66.3%) had astigmatism. With regards to correlations, myopia was highly correlated with being male (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n -value = 0.036), belonging to age group 20\u201325 years (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n -value = 0.033), originating from the northern regions of Saudi Arabia (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n -value <0.001). Similarly, hyperopia was significantly correlated with being male (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n -value = 0.048), age groups 20\u201325 years (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n -value = 0.04), and 31\u201335 years (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n -value = 0.011) and was higher in people from northern region (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n -value = 0.011). In contrast, astigmatism was only found to be correlated with age group 36\u201340 years (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n -value = 0.002). Additionally, 71.7% of myopic participants and 76.1% of astigmatic individuals opted not to wear spectacles (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n -value <0.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n In this study, the refractive error with the highest prevalence among Saudis was astigmatism, followed by myopia and hyperopia. Gender, region of origin, and spectacle wear were all observed to be highly correlated with higher rates of refractive error.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-4534.301297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,21]],"date-time":"2020-11-21T05:59:09Z","timestamp":1605938349000},"page":"30-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The prevalence of refractive errors among Saudi adults in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Tariq","family":"Almudhaiyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albanderi","family":"Alhamzah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mozon","family":"AlShareef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alrasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabia","family":"Jaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Alluhidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al-Hazazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"Aldebasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-6-20240830","first-page":"237","article-title":"Refractive error blindness","volume":"79","author":"Dandona","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R2-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000796","article-title":"Global vision impairment and blindness due to uncorrected refractive error, 1990-2010","volume":"93","author":"Naidoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"R3-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2011.00884.x","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia","volume":"32","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"R4-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.144","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors and ocular biometry parameters in an elderly Asian population: The Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study (SLAS)","volume":"25","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"R5-6-20240830","first-page":"102","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive errors amongst adults, located at the north suburbs of Athens-Greece","volume":"6","author":"Pateras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Science Journal"},{"key":"R6-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.8.1111","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive error in the United States, 1999-2004","volume":"126","author":"Vitale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R7-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300539","article-title":"Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010","volume":"96","author":"Pascolini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R8-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2010.01.001","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive errors among pre-school children at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh Saudi Arabia","volume":"24","author":"Al-Rowaily","year":"2010","journal-title":"Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R9-6-20240830","first-page":"114","article-title":"Prevalence of Uncorrected Refractive Errors among Adolescents at King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Riyadh","volume":"1","author":"Rowaily","year":"2010","journal-title":"Saudi Arabia J Clinic Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R10-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.4103\/0256-4947.84624","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of visual impairment among Saudi adults attending primary health care centers in northern Saudi Arabia","volume":"31","author":"Al-Shaaln","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of Saudi medicine"},{"key":"R11-6-20240830","first-page":"125","article-title":"Prevalence and pattern of refractive errors among primary school children in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia","volume":"5","author":"Al Wadaani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global journal of health science"},{"key":"R12-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2018.197","article-title":"Prevalence refractive errors among medical students of Qassim University, Saudi Arabia: Crosssectional descriptive study","volume":"6","author":"Al-Rashidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open access Macedonian journal of medical sciences"},{"key":"R13-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S193213","article-title":"Refractive errors among Saudi college students and associated risk factors","volume":"13","author":"Alsaif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, NZ"},{"key":"R14-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4363","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8677","article-title":"The association between time spent outdoors and myopia using a novel biomarker of outdoor light exposure","volume":"53","author":"Sherwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R15-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6271","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20242","article-title":"Global patterns in health burden of uncorrected refractive error","volume":"57","author":"Lou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R16-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00306.x","article-title":"Refractive error and ocular biometry in Jordanian adults","volume":"25","author":"Mallen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"R17-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.39119","article-title":"Comparison of refractive errors and factors associated with spectacle use in a rural and urban South Indian population","volume":"56","author":"Prema","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R18-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.09.046","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive error in Bangladeshi adults: Results of the National Blindness and Low Vision Survey of Bangladesh","volume":"111","author":"Bourne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R19-6-20240830","first-page":"2486","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in adult Chinese in Singapore","volume":"41","author":"Wong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R20-6-20240830","first-page":"227","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive errors; the yazd eye study","volume":"8","author":"Ziaei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of ophthalmic & vision research"},{"key":"R21-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000516","article-title":"The age-specific prevalence of myopia in Asia: A meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"R22-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2017.08.009","article-title":"Global and regional estimates of prevalence of refractive errors: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Hashemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of current ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1319-4534.301297","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:29:54Z","timestamp":1786735794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1319-4534.301297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1319-4534.301297","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-4534"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1319-4534","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}}}