{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:59:45Z","timestamp":1787169585705,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"\n PURPOSE:<\/jats:title>\n Developmental delay occurs when a child exhibits a significant delay in the acquisition of milestones, in one or more domains of development. This study was planned to determine the distribution of ocular disorders and to assess the correlation between ocular findings and systemic co morbidity, antenatal and postnatal factors, and perinatal history.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n This cross-sectional study included children with developmental delay <16 years of age. All children underwent complete ophthalmological evaluation including full cycloplegic refraction. Vision assessment was done as appropriate for age. Spearman's correlation test was used to analyze the correlation between ocular findings and causes for developmental delay and antenatal, perinatal, and postnatal history.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 128 children were evaluated. Mean age of the study group was 5.59 \u00b1 2.12 years, 64.8% were males, and 76.6% of children were from rural area. Ocular findings were seen in 110 (85.93%) children, refractive error being the most common finding seen in 87 children (astigmatism\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 47, hypermetropia\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 28, and myopia\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 12). Strabismus was seen in 65 children, esotropia being the most common (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 36). Vision impairment was present in 39.84% of children. Other ocular findings included disc pallor, cataract, ptosis, amblyopia, keratoconus, telecanthus, lagophthalmos, blepharitis, retinitis pigmentosa, and morning glory syndrome. Spearman's correlation showed no statistical association between ocular findings and various causes for developmental delay. There was a weak negative correlation between antenatal history, mode of delivery, gestational age, and ocular findings.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n More than three-fourths of children with developmental delay had ocular findings which necessitates the need for ocular evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-4534.325773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T03:10:05Z","timestamp":1634699405000},"page":"1-4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ocular manifestations in children with developmental delay at a tertiary center in South India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Vidya","family":"Hegde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashmi","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anupama","family":"Bappal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashmi","family":"Shambhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R3-1-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2007.01158.x","article-title":"Risk factors of ophthalmic disorders in children with developmental delay","volume":"86","author":"Sandfeld Nielsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R4-1-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2006.00867.x","article-title":"Visual dysfunctions and ocular disorders in children with developmental delay. 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Prevalence, diagnoses and aetiology of visual impairment","volume":"85","author":"Nielsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"R5-1-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-010-0077-3","article-title":"Developmental delay timely identification and assessment","volume":"47","author":"Poon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"R6-1-20240830","first-page":"42","article-title":"Prevalence of ocular manifestations in children with developmental delay","volume":"3","author":"Smitha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Innov"},{"key":"R7-1-20240830","first-page":"367","article-title":"Ocular association in children with developmental delay","volume":"23","author":"Solomon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kerala J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R8-1-20240830","first-page":"264","article-title":"Ophthalmic manifestations in children with delayed milestones - A clinical study","volume":"21","author":"Reena","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kerala J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-1-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.30717","article-title":"Ocular defects in cerebral palsy","volume":"55","author":"Katoch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R12-1-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.18410\/jebmh\/2017\/811","article-title":"Ocular disorders in children with developmental delay","volume":"4","author":"Joshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Evid Based Med Healthc"},{"key":"R13-1-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.81036","article-title":"Ocular disorders in children with learning disabilities in special education schools of Pune, India","volume":"59","author":"Gogate","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R15-1-20240830","first-page":"477","article-title":"Refractive errors and ocular findings in children with intellectual disability: A controlled study","volume":"12","author":"Akinci","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAAPOS"},{"key":"R16-1-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.71590","article-title":"Refractive error and visual functions in children with special needs compared with the first grade school students in Oman","volume":"17","author":"Vora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R17-1-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.00881.x","article-title":"Visual dysfunctions and ocular disorders in children with developmental delay. II. Aspects of refractive errors, strabismus and contrast sensitivity","volume":"85","author":"Sandfeld Nielsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"R18-1-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.1996.tb00638.x","article-title":"Ocular defects in children and adolescents with severe mental deficiency","volume":"40","author":"Kwok","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"}],"container-title":["Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1319-4534.325773","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:09:26Z","timestamp":1787166566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1319-4534.325773"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1319-4534.325773","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-4534"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1319-4534","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}}}