{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T22:32:43Z","timestamp":1788561163901,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PURPOSE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We present the magnitude and determinants of refractive status of Indian school children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017\u201318 at a preparatory and secondary Indian school in Riyadh. A \u201cSpot Screener\u201d was used to determine if the child passed or failed a refraction test. Data were collected on refractive status in each eye, amblyopia, and strabismus. The type of refractive error (RE) was estimated and association to the gender, age group, and higher education was analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined 770 students. The prevalence of RE in Indian school children was 50.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 51.3; 58.3). There were 51.1% of boys and 49.3% of girls. The prevalence of RE in preparatory and secondary grade students was 47.9% and 56.8%, respectively. The proportion of myopia and hyperopia among children with RE was 48% and 5%, respectively. Family history of RE was positively associated to RE in school children (odds ratio: 1.5 [95% CI: 1.1; 2.0]). The existing refractive services provided 47.4% coverage for children with RE. The current screening initiative could identify 22 (2.9%) new cases of RE who required visual aids and 38 (4.9%) students who needed a new prescription for RE. The compliance rate for using visual aid among students with RE was 78.9%. The prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus was 1.2% and 11%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A high proportion of Indian school students in Riyadh have RE. Periodic ocular assessment and refractive services are recommended for this group of school children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-4534.337848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T05:45:37Z","timestamp":1645076737000},"page":"97-101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence and determinants of refractive status and related ocular morbidity among Indian school children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"ZiaulHaq","family":"Yasir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Khandekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malek A.","family":"Balous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman S.","family":"Banaeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad K.","family":"Al-Shangiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah A.","family":"Basakran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora A.","family":"Alhumaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan A.","family":"Al-Dhibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e924","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30244-4","article-title":"Smartphone-based screening for visual impairment in Kenyan school children: A cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Rono","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"R2-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2014.02.001","article-title":"Prevalence of correctable visual impairment in primary school children in qassim province, Saudi Arabia","volume":"7","author":"Aldebasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"R3-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.019","article-title":"Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children","volume":"115","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R4-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2010.02.004","article-title":"Frequency, course, and impact of correctable visual impairment (uncorrected refractive error)","volume":"55","author":"Schneider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R6-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2010.01592.x","article-title":"Nature and nurture: The complex genetics of myopia and refractive error","volume":"79","author":"Wojciechowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"R7-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11008","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of gene\u2013environment-wide association scans accounting for education level identifies additional loci for refractive error","volume":"7","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"R8-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9570.1000114","article-title":"Prevalence of uncorrected refractive errors among adolescents at King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"1","author":"Al Rowaily","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clinic Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2017.10.020","article-title":"The tribal odisha eye disease study (TOES) 1: Prevalence and causes of visual impairment among tribal children in an urban school in eastern India","volume":"22","author":"Warkad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"R10-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4137\/OED.S39055","article-title":"Common eye diseases in children in saudi arabia (Jazan)","volume":"8","author":"Darraj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Eye Dis"},{"key":"R11-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8229.163031","article-title":"A clinic-based study of refractive errors, strabismus, and amblyopia in pediatric age-group","volume":"22","author":"Al-Tamimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Family Community Med"},{"key":"R12-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0117349","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117349","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia and its risk factors in urban school children in Delhi: The north India myopia study (NIM study)","volume":"10","author":"Saxena","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R13-5-20240830","first-page":"NC16","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive errors and number needed to screen among rural high school children in southern India: A Cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"John","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"R14-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v5n1p125","article-title":"Prevalence and pattern of refractive errors among primary school children in al Hassa, Saudi Arabia","volume":"5","author":"Al Wadaani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob J Health Sci"},{"key":"R18-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2011\/v4i9.18","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive error in school children","volume":"4","author":"Prema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Sci Technol"},{"key":"R19-5-20240830","first-page":"1189","article-title":"Clinical profile of refractive errors in children in a tertiary care hospital of Northern India","volume":"3","author":"Mittal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"key":"R20-5-20240830","first-page":"509","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive error and other ocular morbidities among school going children aged 9-16 yrs in rural area of Mandya, Karnataka, India","volume":"3","author":"Vinay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Contemp Pediatr"},{"key":"R21-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.5455\/ijmsph.2013.220420131","article-title":"A study on the prevalence of refractive errors among school children of 7-15 years age group in the field practice areas of a medical college in Bangalore","volume":"2","author":"Pavithra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci Public Health"},{"key":"R22-5-20240830","first-page":"623","article-title":"Refractive error in children in an urban population in new Delhi","volume":"43","author":"Murthy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R23-5-20240830","first-page":"2","article-title":"Visual impairment screening and early interventions among schooling kids in Dubai, Dubai-UAE-2016","volume":"1","author":"Al Faisal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Ped Neo Heal"},{"key":"R24-5-20240830","first-page":"39","article-title":"Compliance of spectacle wear and its determinants among schoolchildren of dhakhiliya region of Oman: A descriptive study","volume":"4","author":"Khandekar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Sci Res Med Sci"},{"key":"R25-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.99996","article-title":"Spectacle compliance amongst rural secondary school children in Pune district, India","volume":"61","author":"Gogate","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R26-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.05.034","article-title":"Prevalence of amblyopia in school-aged children and variations by age, gender, and ethnicity in a multi-country refractive error study","volume":"122","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R27-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2012.09.012","article-title":"Guidelines for automated preschool vision screening: A 10-year, evidence-based update","volume":"17","author":"Donahue","year":"2013","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"R28-5-20240830","first-page":"61595","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive error, squint and colour vision defects among school children in Rajiv international school, Mathura","volume":"9","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Curr Res"}],"container-title":["Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1319-4534.337848","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:11:00Z","timestamp":1787166660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1319-4534.337848"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1319-4534.337848","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-4534"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1319-4534","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}}}