{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:24:16Z","timestamp":1787757856171,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PURPOSE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To evaluate the incidence of pediatric\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      related orbital cellulitis after the routine administration of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      vaccine in Saudi Arabia and to identify the most common pathogens, predisposing factors, related complications, and the need for surgical intervention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective chart review was performed of patients with a discharge diagnosis of orbital cellulitis who presented to the King Abdul Aziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi children born between 2000 and 2016 were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty-one cases were included and 8 had positive cultures. No cases of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      were found. Of all the positive culture, the most common pathogens isolated were\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and group A Streptococcus in 3 cases (37.5%), 2 cases (25%) and 2 cases (25%). The most common predisposing factor was sinusitis in 90.3% of cases. Sixteen patients (51.6%) developed complications. Fifteen patients (48.3%) developed subperiosteal abscesses, 1 patient (3.22%) developed a lid abscess, 2 patients (6.45%) developed recurrent orbital cellulitis, and 1 patient (3.22%) developed persistent strabismus. Only 10 (31.25%) patients underwent surgical intervention during admission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The vaccine seems to be effective at eliminating the orbital cellulitis potentially related to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The most common current pathogens were Gram-positive Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species. Sinusitis remains the most common cause of orbital cellulitis in children. In select cases, medical treatment can resolve the infections however, close observation is warranted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-4534.343367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T03:25:36Z","timestamp":1653449136000},"page":"239-243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Microbiology and outcome of pediatric orbital cellulitis in a Tertiary Eye Care Center in Saudi Arabia after the routine administration of Haemophilus influenzae Type B vaccine"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Hamad 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