{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:33:15Z","timestamp":1787758395541,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breast cancer is the leading cause of mortality among women, with over a million cases recorded globally. Haptoglobin (Hp) protein and genotypes play important roles in cancer predisposition and progression, but studies have reported varying outcomes in populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The association of Hp genotypes in breast cancer patients with malaria has not been investigated in Nigerians, which is the aim of our study. In healthy women (control; n = 279) and clinically diagnosed breast cancer patients (breast cancer; n = 70).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Haptoglobin genotypes and Plasmodium falciparum cyclooxygenase III genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Proportions were compared, and the test of association was carried out with a significance level set at\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 311 of 349 (89%) individuals had malaria infection with similar proportions in breast cancer (63 of 70) and healthy control group (248 of 279); malaria incidence was, however, lower in Hp 2-2 breast cancer patients (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04). The prevalence of Hp genotypes was Hp 1-1 (78.2%), Hp 2-1 (7.2%), and 2-2 (14.6%). In breast cancer groups, Hp 2-2 genotype was significantly lower with 3 (4.2%) of 70 vs. 48 (17.2%) of 279 in control group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.006).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of the study show low Hp 2-2 genotype relative to other genotypes in breast cancer patients; we conclude that low Hp 2-2 genotype is associated with lower malaria risk in breast cancer Nigerian women. It is important to further understand the roles malaria, Hp, and other genotypes play in the pathogenesis of aggressive breast cancer commonly seen in Nigerian women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/1596-3519.356811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T05:19:13Z","timestamp":1664255953000},"page":"231-236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Haptoglobin Genotypes and Malaria Comorbidity in Breast Cancer and Healthy Nigerian Women"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Titilope M.","family":"Dokunmu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patience O.","family":"Obi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omolara A.","family":"Fatiregun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwakemi A.","family":"Rotimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulaiman O.","family":"Agodirin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon O.","family":"Rotimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31937","article-title":"Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods","volume":"144","author":"Ferlay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"R3-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"R4-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.78.3977","article-title":"Inherited breast cancer in nigerian women","volume":"36","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"R5-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06616-0","article-title":"Characterization of Nigerian breast cancer reveals prevalent homologous recombination deficiency and aggressive molecular features","volume":"9","author":"Pitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"R6-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-18-0955","article-title":"Atypical chemokine receptor 1 (DARC\/ACKR1) in breast tumors is associated with survival, circulating chemokines, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, and African ancestry","volume":"28","author":"Jenkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"R7-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24059","article-title":"The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa since 1900","volume":"550","author":"Snow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R9-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.06.025","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer: Triggers, mechanisms, and consequences","volume":"51","author":"Greten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"R10-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180127","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.180127","article-title":"Cancer-malaria: Hidden connections","volume":"8","author":"Nordor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Biol"},{"key":"R11-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1086\/511868","article-title":"The haptoglobin 2-2 genotype is associated with a reduced incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children on the coast of Kenya","volume":"44","author":"Atkinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R12-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.10.016","article-title":"Haptoglobin phenotypes and malaria infection in pregnant women at delivery in western Cameroon","volume":"90","author":"Minang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"R13-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90281-5","article-title":"Haptoglobin 1-1 is associated with susceptibility to severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"94","author":"Quaye","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R14-10-20240831","first-page":"517","article-title":"Acute phase response in animals: A review","volume":"59","author":"Cray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"R16-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.04.009","article-title":"Acute phase proteins: Biomarkers of infection and inflammation in veterinary medicine","volume":"185","author":"Eckersall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"R17-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/42.10.1589","article-title":"Biological and clinical significance of haptoglobin polymorphism in humans","volume":"42","author":"Langlois","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"R18-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5089","article-title":"Human Hp 1-1 and Hp 2-2 phenotype-specific haptoglobin therapeutics are both effective in vitro and in guinea pigs to attenuate haemoglobin toxicity","volume":"19","author":"Lipiski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"R19-10-20240831","first-page":"343","article-title":"Effect of L-carnitine and conjugated linoleic acid supplements on haemoglobin levels and haptoglobin genotype in chronic kidney disease","volume":"69","author":"Nemati","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"R20-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2793","article-title":"Haptoglobin: Basic and clinical aspects","volume":"12","author":"Levy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"R21-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2003.10.032","article-title":"Haptoglobin polymorphism in breast cancer patients form Jordan","volume":"341","author":"Awadallah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"R22-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E265060","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026560","article-title":"Galectin-1-binding glycoforms of haptoglobin with altered intracellular trafficking, and increase in metastatic breast cancer patients","volume":"6","author":"Carlsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R23-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1080\/19336918.2015.1035504","article-title":"Haptoglobin and CCR2 receptor expression in ovarian cancer cells that were exposed to ascitic fluid: Exploring a new role of haptoglobin in the tumoral microenvironment","volume":"9","author":"Garibay-Cerdenares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Adh Migr"},{"key":"R24-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.06619","article-title":"Circulating haptoglobin is an independent prognostic factor in the sera of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"R25-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21728","article-title":"Fucosylated haptoglobin is a novel marker for pancreatic cancer: A detailed analysis of the oligosaccharide structure and a possible mechanism for fucosylation","volume":"118","author":"Okuyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"R26-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26490","article-title":"Fucosylated haptoglobin is a novel type of cancer biomarker linked to the prognosis after an operation in colorectal cancer","volume":"118","author":"Takeda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R27-10-20240831","first-page":"1828","article-title":"Haptoglobin is a serological biomarker for adenocarcinoma lung cancer by using the ProteomeLab PF2D combined with mass spectrometry","volume":"6","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"R28-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1159\/000153087","article-title":"Haptoglobin types in breast carcinoma","volume":"30","author":"Tsamantanis","year":"1980","journal-title":"Hum Hered"},{"key":"R30-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03312-7","article-title":"Endemic Burkitt lymphoma: A complication of asymptomatic malaria in sub-Saharan Africa based on published literature and primary data from Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya","volume":"19","author":"Redmond","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"R31-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.9.1377","article-title":"Genotyping of the common haptoglobin Hp \u00bd polymorphism based on PCR","volume":"48","author":"Koch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"R32-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1185-x","article-title":"Human malaria diagnosis using a single-step direct-PCR based on the Plasmodium cytochrome oxidase III gene","volume":"15","author":"Echeverry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"R33-10-20240831","first-page":"477","article-title":"The distribution of haptoglobin subtypes in various populations, including subtype patterns in some nonhuman primates","volume":"16","author":"Shim","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"R34-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2147\/TACG.S246607","article-title":"Haptoglobin gene polymorphism in patients with sickle cell anemia: Findings from a nigerian cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Olatunya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Clin Genet"},{"key":"R35-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1159\/000153295","article-title":"Haptoglobin phenotypes in two series of breast cancer patients","volume":"32","author":"Hudson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hum Hered"},{"key":"R36-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13528-0","article-title":"Pan-cancer molecular subtypes revealed by mass-spectrometry-based proteomic characterization of more than 500 human cancers","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"R37-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgv096","article-title":"Prediagnostic serum inflammatory markers in relation to breast cancer risk, severity at diagnosis and survival in breast cancer patients","volume":"36","author":"Wulaningsih","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"R38-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198909073211003","article-title":"Haptoglobin-related protein (Hpr) epitopes in breast cancer as a predictor of recurrence of the disease","volume":"321","author":"Kuhajda","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R39-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4541","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2012.13.9.4541","article-title":"Elevated serum haptoglobin is associated with clinical outcome in triple-negative breast cancer patients","volume":"13","author":"Tabassum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"R40-10-20240831","first-page":"1492","article-title":"Distribution of haptoglobin phenotypes in gynecologic tumors","volume":"107","author":"Bartel","year":"1985","journal-title":"Zentralbl Gynakol"},{"key":"R41-10-20240831","first-page":"189","article-title":"Serum protein polymorphisms in breast cancer","volume":"8","author":"Kaur","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Anthropogenet"},{"key":"R42-10-20240831","first-page":"94","article-title":"Distribution of haptoglobin phenotypes among patients with different types of cancer in Sudan","volume":"2","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACT-Biotec Res Commun"},{"key":"R43-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116319","article-title":"Identification of haptoglobin as an angiogenic factor in sera from patients with systemic vasculitis","volume":"91","author":"Cid","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R44-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdu191","article-title":"Association between CD8+ T-cell infiltration and breast cancer survival in 12,439 patients","volume":"25","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"R45-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67428","article-title":"CD4+ follicular helper T cell infiltration predicts breast cancer survival","volume":"123","author":"Gu-Trantien","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R46-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2833-8","article-title":"Asymptomatic malaria infections and Pfmdr1 mutations in an endemic area of Nigeria","volume":"18","author":"Dokunmu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"R47-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3073-7","article-title":"High cases of submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections in a suburban population of Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"18","author":"Umunnakwe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"R48-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1086\/432519","article-title":"How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria","volume":"77","author":"Kwiatkowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"R49-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-47572008000400002","article-title":"Polymorphism of human haptoglobin and its clinical impotance","volume":"31","author":"Wobeto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genet Mol Biol"},{"key":"R50-10-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.04.010","article-title":"Haptoglobin, inflammation and disease","volume":"102","author":"Quaye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["Annals of African Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1596-3519.356811","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:14:41Z","timestamp":1787757281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1596-3519.356811"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1596-3519.356811","relation":{},"ISSN":["1596-3519"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1596-3519","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}}}