{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:45:46Z","timestamp":1787931946245,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purposes of this study were to evaluate the onset, quality and duration of sensory and motor blockade between hyperbaric bupivacaine and clonidine combination with bupivacaine alone when administered intrathecally for unilateral spinal anesthesia in below-knee orthopedic surgery, efficacy of clonidine for post-operative analgesia and side-effects of clonidine, if any.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty ASA I and ASA II patients scheduled for elective surgery with time duration up to 90 min were studied. Patients were randomised in two equal groups by the lottery method. Group A (control group) was given Inj. bupivacaine (hyperbaric) 0.5% - 12.5 mg (2.5 ml) + 0.5 ml of normal saline intrathecally. Group B (clonidine group) was given Inj. bupivacaine (hyperbaric) 0.5% - 12.5 mg (2.5 ml) + 50 mcg clonidine in 0.5 ml volume intrathecally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean peak sensory block was earlier in Group B (4.7\u00b11.23 min) as compared with Group A (6.27\u00b11.51 min). The mean peak motor block was earlier in Group B (6.17\u00b11.20 min) as compared with Group A (8.63\u00b11.71 min). The two-segment regression of sensory block was longer in Group B (106.23\u00b19.17 min) as compared with Group A (104.43\u00b117.75 min), which is clinically significant. Requirement of rescue analgesia was considerably prolonged in Group B (450.33\u00b195.10 min) as compared with Group A (220\u00b136.36 min), which was also clinically highly significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intrathecal clonidine potentiates bupivacaine induced spinal sensory block and, motor block and reduces the analgesic requirement in the early post-operative period in unilateral spinal anesthesia for lower limb below knee surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-354x.136626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,10]],"date-time":"2014-07-10T08:33:25Z","timestamp":1404981205000},"page":"384-387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of bupivacaine-clonidine combination for unilateral spinal anesthesia in lower limb below-knee orthopedic surgery"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Manisha","family":"Sapate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Pad. Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune, Maharastra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preety","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Pad. Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune, Maharastra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavini","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Pad. Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune, Maharastra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chhaya","family":"Suryawanshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Pad. Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune, Maharastra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anitha","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Pad. Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune, Maharastra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. M.","family":"Panditrao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Pad. Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune, Maharastra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R2-20250926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000133580.54026.65","article-title":"Small-dose intrathecal clonidine and isobaric bupivacaine for orthopedic surgery: A dose-response-study","volume":"99","author":"Strebel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R3-20250926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000061110.62841.E9","article-title":"Clonidine combined with small-dose bupivacaine during spinal anaesthesia for inguinal herniorrhaphy: A randomized double-blinded study","volume":"96","author":"Dobrydnjov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R4-20250926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2002.460709.x","article-title":"Postoperative pain relief following intrathecal bupivacaine combined with intrathecal or oral clonidine","volume":"46","author":"Dobrydnjov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"R5-20250926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200104000-00008","article-title":"Intrathecal ropivacaine and clonidine for ambulatory knee arthroscopy","volume":"94","author":"De Kock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R6-20250926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198612000-00010","article-title":"Evaluation of the toxicity of subarachnoid clonidine, guanfacine, and a substance P-antagonist on rat spinal cord and nerve roots: Light and electron microscopic observations after chronic intrathecal administration","volume":"65","author":"Gordh","year":"1986","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R7-20250926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1992.tb03544.x","article-title":"Effects of epinephrine and clonidine on plasma concentrations of spinal bupivacaine","volume":"36","author":"Bioco","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"R8-20250926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199609000-00026","article-title":"A2 adrenergic agonists for regional anesthesia","volume":"85","author":"Eisanach","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R9-20250926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199211000-00022","article-title":"Alpha-2A is the predominant a-2 adrenergic receptor subtype in human spinal cord","volume":"77","author":"Lawhead","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R10-20250926","first-page":"109","article-title":"Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor in human spinal cord: Specific localized expression of mRNA encoding alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtypes at four distinct levels","volume":"34","author":"Smith","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"R12-20250926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)38063-2","article-title":"Spinal antinociceptive synergism between morphine and clonidine persists in mice made acutely or chronically tolerant to morphine","volume":"288","author":"Fairbanke","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"R13-20250926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(85)90537-4","article-title":"Pharmacology of spinal adrenergic systems which modulate spinal nociceptive processing","volume":"22","author":"Yaksh","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"R14-20250926","first-page":"34","article-title":"Tizanidine treatment of spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis","volume":"44","author":"Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01437113-201408030-00016","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:46:16Z","timestamp":1787067976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01437113-201408030-00016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1658-354x.136626","relation":{},"ISSN":["1658-354X","0975-3125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1658-354X","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-3125","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}}}