{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T16:25:06Z","timestamp":1793550306793,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589155200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physical exercise can minimize dysfunction and optimize functional motor recovery after stroke by modulating cortical plasticity. However, the limitation of physical exercise is that large amounts of time and effort are necessary to significantly improve motor function, and even then, substantial exercise may not be sufficient to normalize the observed improvements. Thus, interventions that could be used to strengthen physical exercise-induced neuroplasticity may be valuable in treating hemiplegia after stroke. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation seems to be a viable strategy for enhancing such plasticity. As a non-invasive cortical stimulation technique, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is able to induce long-term plastic changes in the motor system. Recently, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation was found to optimize the plastic changes caused by motor training, thereby enhancing the long-term effects of physical exercise in stroke patients. Therefore, it is believed that the combination of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and physical exercise may represent a superior method for restoring motor function after stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.282239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,10]],"date-time":"2020-05-10T15:18:06Z","timestamp":1589123886000},"page":"1986-1994","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Combined effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and physical exercise on cortical plasticity"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ya-Wen","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Xiu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3298-1072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Ruijin Rehabilitation Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.10.010","article-title":"Maladaptive effects of learning with the less-affected forelimb after focal cortical infarcts in rats","volume":"210","author":"Allred","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"R2-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2217\/14796708.3.2.189","article-title":"Experience--a double edged sword for restorative neural plasticity after brain damage","volume":"3","author":"Allred","year":"2008","journal-title":"Future Neurol"},{"key":"R3-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12362","article-title":"Brain connectivity and functional recovery in patients with ischemic stroke","volume":"27","author":"Almeida","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"R4-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21725","article-title":"Differential effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over ipsilesional primary motor cortex in cortical and subcortical middle cerebral artery stroke","volume":"66","author":"Ameli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R5-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr094","article-title":"Human neural stem cells enhance structural plasticity and axonal transport in the ischaemic brain","volume":"134","author":"Andres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R6-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182436558","article-title":"Low-frequency rTMS promotes use-dependent motor plasticity in chronic stroke: a randomized trial","volume":"78","author":"Avenanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R7-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1356-2","article-title":"High- and low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation differentially activates c-Fos and zif268 protein expression in the rat brain","volume":"188","author":"Aydin-Abidin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"R8-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312465193","article-title":"Motor representations in the intact hemisphere of the rat are reduced after repetitive training of the impaired forelimb","volume":"27","author":"Barbay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurorehab Neural Repair"},{"key":"R9-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12284","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1952-08.2008","article-title":"Excitation and inhibition jointly regulate cortical reorganization in adult rats","volume":"28","author":"Benali","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R10-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000022","article-title":"Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"45","author":"Billinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R11-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314543652","article-title":"GABA levels are decreased after stroke and GABA changes during rehabilitation correlate with motor improvement","volume":"29","author":"Blicher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurorehab Neural Repair"},{"key":"R12-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311402507","article-title":"Hebbian-type stimulation during robot-assisted training in patients with stroke","volume":"25","author":"Buetefisch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurorehab Neural Repair"},{"key":"R13-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01038.2003","article-title":"Enhancing encoding of a motor memory in the primary motor cortex by cortical stimulation","volume":"91","author":"B\u00fctefisch","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R14-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00144","article-title":"Acute and post-acute neuromodulation induces stroke recovery by promoting survival signaling, neurogenesis, and pyramidal tract plasticity","volume":"13","author":"Caglayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"R15-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00393","article-title":"Contralesional cortical structural reorganization contributes to motor recovery after sub-cortical stroke: a longitudinal voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"10","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"R16-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.1175","article-title":"Brain excitability in stroke: the yin and yang of stroke progression","volume":"69","author":"Carmichael","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R17-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.03.008","article-title":"BDNF polymorphism and differential rTMS effects on motor recovery of stroke patients","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"R18-20260525","first-page":"179","article-title":"rTMS with motor training modulates cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits in stroke patients","volume":"30","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"R19-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00178","article-title":"Resting state interhemispheric motor connectivity and white matter integrity correlate with motor impairment in chronic stroke","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R20-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00303","article-title":"Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Therapeutic Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Chervyakov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"R21-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.21715","article-title":"Extremely low-frequency magnetic fields modulate nitric oxide signaling in rat brain","volume":"33","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"R22-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301559","article-title":"Synaptic plasticity: multiple forms, functions, and mechanisms","volume":"33","author":"Citri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"R23-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.2.1117","article-title":"Rapid plasticity of human cortical movement representation induced by practice","volume":"79","author":"Classen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R24-20260525","first-page":"272","article-title":"Repairing the human brain after stroke: I. Mechanisms of spontaneous recovery","volume":"63","author":"Cramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mechanisms of spontaneous recovery Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R25-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001891","article-title":"Right ventricular perfusion: physiology and clinical implications","volume":"128","author":"Crystal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R26-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.10.008","article-title":"Neuroplasticity subserving motor skill learning","volume":"72","author":"Dayan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"R27-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-016-0811-z","article-title":"Interhemispheric connectivity characterizes cortical reorganization in motor-related networks after cerebellar lesions","volume":"16","author":"De Vico Fallani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"R28-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20965","article-title":"Evaluation of the brain network organization from EEG signals: a preliminary evidence in stroke patient","volume":"292","author":"de Vico Fallani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"key":"R29-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.11.007","article-title":"The effects of motor cortex rTMS on corticospinal descending activity","volume":"121","author":"Di Lazzaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R30-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000150","article-title":"Assessment and modulation of resting-state neural networks after stroke","volume":"27","author":"Dijkhuizen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"R31-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3315-1","article-title":"New modalities of brain stimulation for stroke rehabilitation","volume":"224","author":"Edwardson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"R32-20260525","first-page":"163","article-title":"MRI can predict the response to therapeutic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in stroke patients","volume":"2","author":"Emara","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Neurol"},{"key":"R33-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22034","article-title":"Dynamic brain structural changes after left hemisphere subcortical stroke","volume":"34","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"R34-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61953-4","article-title":"Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"383","author":"Feigin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R35-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.04.018","article-title":"Acute repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reactivates dopaminergic system in lesion rats","volume":"383","author":"Funamizu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"R36-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06524.x","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor functions as a metabotrophin to mediate the effects of exercise on cognition","volume":"28","author":"Gomez-Pinilla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"R37-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3283598473","article-title":"Disruption of motor network connectivity post-stroke and its noninvasive neuromodulation","volume":"25","author":"Grefkes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"R38-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.029","article-title":"Modulating cortical connectivity in stroke patients by rTMS assessed with fMRI and dynamic causal modeling","volume":"50","author":"Grefkes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R39-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5686","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0584-08.2008","article-title":"Transient spine expansion and learning-induced plasticity in layer 1 primary motor cortex","volume":"28","author":"Harms","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R40-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319876253","article-title":"Roles of lesioned and nonlesioned hemispheres in reaching performance poststroke","volume":"34","author":"Harrington","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurorehab Neural Repair"},{"key":"R41-20260525","article-title":"The organization of behavior: a neuropsychological theory","author":"Hebb","year":"1949"},{"key":"R42-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70039-X","article-title":"Promoting brain remodelling and plasticity for stroke recovery: therapeutic promise and potential pitfalls of clinical translation","volume":"11","author":"Hermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R43-20260525","first-page":"539146","article-title":"Combining rTMS and task-oriented training in the rehabilitation of the arm after stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"2013","author":"Higgins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke Res Treat"},{"key":"R44-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.649756","article-title":"Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor functions in patients with stroke: a meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Hsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R45-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.02.022","article-title":"Early constraint-induced movement therapy promotes functional recovery and neuronal plasticity in a subcortical hemorrhage model rat","volume":"284","author":"Ishida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"R46-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001763","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001763","article-title":"The sphingolipid receptor S1PR2 is a receptor for Nogo-a repressing synaptic plasticity","volume":"12","author":"Kempf","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"R47-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.905636","article-title":"Effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with task-oriented mirror therapy training on hand rehabilitation of acute stroke patients","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"R48-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S225-239","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/018)","article-title":"Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity: implications for rehabilitation after brain damage","volume":"51","author":"Kleim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"R49-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00321-1","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology","volume":"2","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R50-20260525","first-page":"773","article-title":"Effect of task-specific training on functional recovery and corticospinal tract plasticity after stroke","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"R51-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.002","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): An update (2014-2018)","volume":"131","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R52-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.05.021","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)","volume":"125","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R53-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.03.016","article-title":"Seizures from transcranial magnetic stimulation 2012-2016: Results of a survey of active laboratories and clinics","volume":"130","author":"Lerner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R54-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315575613","article-title":"Epidural electrical stimulation for stroke rehabilitation: results of the prospective, multicenter, randomized, single-blinded everest trial","volume":"30","author":"Levy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurorehab Neural Repair"},{"key":"R55-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2674","article-title":"An age-related sprouting transcriptome provides molecular control of axonal sprouting after stroke","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"R56-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2012.11.010","article-title":"Magnetic stimulation modulates structural synaptic plasticity and regulates BDNF-TrkB signal pathway in cultured hippocampal neurons","volume":"62","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"R57-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968307308551","article-title":"Motor skill training, but not voluntary exercise, improves skilled reaching after unilateral ischemic lesions of the sensorimotor cortex in rats","volume":"22","author":"Maldonado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurorehab Neural Repair"},{"key":"R58-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.07.026","article-title":"Functional repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases motor cortex excitability in survivors of stroke","volume":"124","author":"Massie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R59-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-130944","article-title":"Repeated sessions of functional repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases motor cortex excitability and motor control in survivors of stroke","volume":"33","author":"Massie","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"R60-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.10.016","article-title":"Revisiting interhemispheric imbalance in chronic stroke: A tDCS study","volume":"129","author":"McCambridge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R61-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.03.008","article-title":"TMS measures of motor cortex function after stroke: A meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"McDonnell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"R62-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858414526645","article-title":"Metaplasticity in human cortex","volume":"21","author":"M\u00fcller-Dahlhaus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"R63-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2020.4","article-title":"Role of D-serine in the beneficial effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in post-stroke patients","author":"Niimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"R64-20260525","first-page":"219","article-title":"Effects and safety of combined rTMS and action observation for recovery of function in the upper extremities in stroke patients: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Noh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"R65-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309336661","article-title":"Interhemispheric competition after stroke: brain stimulation to enhance recovery of function of the affected hand","volume":"23","author":"Nowak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurorehab Neural Repair"},{"key":"R66-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.75.5.2144","article-title":"Reorganization of movement representations in primary motor cortex following focal ischemic infarcts in adult squirrel monkeys","volume":"75","author":"Nudo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R67-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2018.42.4.521","article-title":"Effects of hand training during the aftereffect period of low-frequency rTMS in subacute stroke patients","volume":"42","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"R68-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.531806","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor contributes to recovery of skilled reaching after focal ischemia in rats","volume":"40","author":"Ploughman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R69-20260525","first-page":"597","article-title":"Forced limb-use enhances brain plasticity through the cAMP\/PKA\/CREB signal transduction pathway after stroke in adult rats","volume":"32","author":"Qu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"R70-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0220544","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220544","article-title":"Home rehabilitation supported by a wearable soft-robotic device for improving hand function in older adults: A pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Radder","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R71-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.01.014","article-title":"Dynamic causal modeling of cortical activity from the acute to the chronic stage after stroke","volume":"55","author":"Rehme","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R72-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq344","article-title":"Post-acute delivery of erythropoietin induces stroke recovery by promoting perilesional tissue remodelling and contralesional pyramidal tract plasticity","volume":"134","author":"Reitmeir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R73-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2169","article-title":"Is there a future for therapeutic use of transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"8","author":"Ridding","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"R74-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.11.016","article-title":"Breaks during 5Hz rTMS are essential for facilitatory after effects","volume":"121","author":"Rothkegel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R75-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-080317-062015","article-title":"Structural plasticity in adulthood with motor learning and stroke rehabilitation","volume":"41","author":"Sampaio-Baptista","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"R76-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.03.030","article-title":"Inhibition versus facilitation of contralesional motor cortices in stroke: Deriving a model to tailor brain stimulation","volume":"128","author":"Sankarasubramanian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R77-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-018-0913-8","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for upper extremity motor recovery: does it help","volume":"18","author":"Schambra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"R78-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000021","article-title":"Motor cortex-induced plasticity by noninvasive brain stimulation: a comparison between transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"24","author":"Simis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"R79-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.222","article-title":"Brain repair after stroke--a novel neurological model","volume":"9","author":"Small","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"R80-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313510972","article-title":"Corticospinal tract integrity and lesion volume play different roles in chronic hemiparesis and its improvement through motor practice","volume":"28","author":"Sterr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehab Neural Repair"},{"key":"R81-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312437940","article-title":"Theta burst stimulation in the rehabilitation of the upper limb: a semirandomized, placebo-controlled trial in chronic stroke patients","volume":"26","author":"Talelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurorehab Neural Repair"},{"key":"R82-20260525","first-page":"241","article-title":"The learned nonuse phenomenon: implications for rehabilitation","volume":"42","author":"Taub","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eura Medicophys"},{"key":"R83-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1859","article-title":"A meta-analysis of constraint-induced movement therapy after stroke","volume":"46","author":"Thrane","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"R84-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.09.022","article-title":"Towards understanding rTMS mechanism of action: Stimulation of the DLPFC causes network-specific increase in functional connectivity","volume":"162","author":"Tik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R85-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91364.2008","article-title":"Voluntary movement and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over human motor cortex","volume":"106","author":"Todd","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"R86-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1159\/000492381","article-title":"Low-frequency rTMS and intensive occupational therapy improve upper limb motor function and cortical reorganization assessed by functional near-infrared spectroscopy in a subacute stroke patient","volume":"10","author":"Urushidani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol"},{"key":"R87-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4495","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3662-11.2012","article-title":"Extent of bilateral neuronal network reorganization and functional recovery in relation to stroke severity","volume":"32","author":"van Meer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R88-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11044","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2125-11.2011","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation enhances BDNF-TrkB signaling in both brain and lymphocyte","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R89-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq043","article-title":"Dynamic functional reorganization of the motor execution network after stroke","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R90-20260525","first-page":"2911","article-title":"Repeated structural imaging reveals nonlinear progression of experience-dependent volume changes in human motor cortex","volume":"27","author":"Wenger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"R91-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98-e169","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000098","article-title":"Guidelines for Adult Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"47","author":"Winstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R92-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv156","article-title":"Connectivity measures are robust biomarkers of cortical function and plasticity after stroke","volume":"138","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R93-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08389","article-title":"Rapid formation and selective stabilization of synapses for enduring motor memories","volume":"462","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R94-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00258","article-title":"The association between reorganization of bilateral M1 topography and function in response to early intensive hand focused upper limb rehabilitation following stroke is dependent on ipsilesional corticospinal tract integrity","volume":"10","author":"Yarossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R95-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527315666151111124216","article-title":"5 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with maximum voluntary muscle contraction facilitates cerebral cortex excitability of normal subjects","volume":"14","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"R96-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2551642","article-title":"Directed functional connectivity in fronto-centroparietal circuit correlates with motor adaptation in gait training","volume":"24","author":"Youssofzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"R97-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000025","article-title":"The interaction between training and plasticity in the poststroke brain","volume":"26","author":"Zeiler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"R98-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215517692386","article-title":"Short- and long-term effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on upper limb motor function after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"R99-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70061-4","article-title":"Neurorestorative therapies for stroke: underlying mechanisms and translation to the clinic","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"}],"container-title":["Neural Regeneration Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1673-5374.282239","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:29:49Z","timestamp":1786735789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1673-5374.282239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1673-5374.282239","relation":{},"ISSN":["1673-5374","1876-7958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1673-5374","type":"print"},{"value":"1876-7958","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-08-30","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-05","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}