{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T01:29:21Z","timestamp":1789522161368,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600732800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal cord injury can lead to severe motor, sensory and autonomic nervous dysfunctions. However, there is currently no effective treatment for spinal cord injury. Neural stem cells and progenitor cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, umbilical cord blood stem cells, adipose stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, macrophages and Schwann cells have been studied as potential treatments for spinal cord injury. These treatments were mainly performed in animals. However, subtle changes in sensory function, nerve root movement and pain cannot be fully investigated with animal studies. Although these cell types have shown excellent safety and effectiveness in various animal models, sufficient evidence of efficacy for clinical translation is still lacking. Cell transplantation should be combined with tissue engineering scaffolds, local drug delivery systems, postoperative adjuvant therapy and physical rehabilitation training as part of a comprehensive treatment plan to provide the possibility for patients with SCI to return to normal life. This review summarizes and analyzes the clinical trials of cell transplantation therapy in spinal cord injury, with the aim of providing a rational foundation for the development of clinical treatments for spinal cord injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.293130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T06:15:54Z","timestamp":1600841754000},"page":"405-413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Progress in clinical trials of cell transplantation for the treatment of spinal cord injury: how many questions remain unanswered?"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xu-Chang","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases Research of Gansu Province, Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4375-8316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Bao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Na","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Wen","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases Research of Gansu Province, Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Gang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases Research of Gansu Province, Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases Research of Gansu Province, Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases Research of Gansu Province, Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17018","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.18","article-title":"Traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"3","author":"Ahuja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"R2-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyw080","article-title":"Traumatic spinal cord injury-repair and regeneration","volume":"80","author":"Ahuja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"R3-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2012.0520","article-title":"Human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocytes: protocols and perspectives","volume":"22","author":"Alsanie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"R4-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4895","article-title":"Safety of autologous human schwann cell transplantation in subacute thoracic spinal cord injury","volume":"34","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R5-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0467-6","article-title":"Required growth facilitators propel axon regeneration across complete spinal cord injury","volume":"561","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R6-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3978595","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3978595","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of olfactory ensheathing cells and mesenchymal stem cells in spinal cord injuries","volume":"2017","author":"Anna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"key":"R7-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3109\/14653249.2010.510506","article-title":"An attempt to treat patients who have injured spinal cords with intralesional implantation of concentrated autologous bone marrow cells","volume":"13","author":"Attar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"R8-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0295","article-title":"Early intravenous delivery of human brain stromal cells modulates systemic inflammation and leads to vasoprotection in traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"5","author":"Badner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"R9-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2555959","article-title":"The fabrication, implantation, and stability of intraspinal microwire arrays in the spinal cord of cat and rat","volume":"25","author":"Bamford","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"R10-20260525","first-page":"51","article-title":"Autologous Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells in Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"11","author":"Bansal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Stem Cells"},{"key":"R11-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1089\/089771504323004520","article-title":"Olfactory ensheathing cells: unique glial cell types","volume":"21","author":"Barnett","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R12-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.310712","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the intravenous infusion of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in patients with heart failure: a phase 1\/2 randomized controlled trial (RIMECARD Trial [Randomized Clinical Trial of Intravenous Infusion Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Cardiopathy])","volume":"121","author":"Bartolucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"R13-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.08.014","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation reduces glial cyst and improves functional outcome after spinal cord compression","volume":"81","author":"Boido","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"R14-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20118","article-title":"A brain-spine interface alleviating gait deficits after spinal cord injury in primates","volume":"539","author":"Capogrosso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R15-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.05.049","article-title":"Decellularized peripheral nerve supports Schwann cell transplants and axon growth following spinal cord injury","volume":"177","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R16-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.3727\/096368914X685014","article-title":"A prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial using a combination of olfactory ensheathing cells and Schwann cells for the treatment of chronic complete spinal cord injuries","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"R17-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-014-0253-7","article-title":"Clinical observation of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in treatment for sequelae of thoracolumbar spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"R18-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.134","article-title":"Autologous bone marrow cell transplantation in acute spinal cord injury--an Indian pilot study","volume":"54","author":"Chhabra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"R19-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.24","article-title":"Stem cells in the treatment of chronic spinal cord injury: evaluation of somatosensitive evoked potentials in 39 patients","volume":"47","author":"Cristante","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"R20-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.05.014","article-title":"A first-in-human, phase i study of neural stem cell transplantation for chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"22","author":"Curtis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"R21-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-00178-x","article-title":"Japan\u2019s approval of stem-cell treatment for spinal-cord injury concerns scientists","volume":"565","author":"Cyranoski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R22-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.08.016","article-title":"Transplantation of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of complete and chronic cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"1533","author":"Dai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"R23-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19071926","article-title":"Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: are they a good therapeutic strategy for osteoarthritis","volume":"19","author":"Damia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R24-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3053","article-title":"Repertoire of microglial and macrophage responses after spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"David","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"R25-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3727\/096368915X686841","article-title":"Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: a new era for stem cell therapy","volume":"24","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"R26-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3727\/096368913X664540","article-title":"Autologous bone marrow-derived cell therapy combined with physical therapy induces functional improvement in chronic spinal cord injury patients","volume":"23","author":"El-Kheir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R27-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.3727\/096368912X633761","article-title":"Effects of hematopoietic autologous stem cell transplantation to the chronically injured human spinal cord evaluated by motor and somatosensory evoked potentials methods","volume":"21","author":"Frolov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"R28-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.250627","article-title":"Use of a combination satrategy to improve neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in a rat model of acute spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"R29-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.07.019","article-title":"Combination of a peptide-modified gellan gum hydrogel with cell therapy in a lumbar spinal cord injury animal model","volume":"105","author":"Gomes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"R30-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23282","article-title":"Cell therapy for spinal cord injury with olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs)","volume":"66","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R31-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/nri978","article-title":"Alternative activation of macrophages","volume":"3","author":"Gordon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R32-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-1008-9","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in premature ovarian failure","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"R33-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.186","article-title":"Differentiation of human oligodendrocytes from pluripotent stem cells","volume":"4","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"R34-20260525","first-page":"434","article-title":"Influence factors for functional improvement after olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation for chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"R35-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-006-0173-0","article-title":"Normative data for the \u201cSniffin\u2019 Sticks\u201d including tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds: an upgrade based on a group of more than 3,000 subjects","volume":"264","author":"Hummel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"R36-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772315Y.0000000048","article-title":"Intrathecal transplantation of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for treating spinal cord injury: A human trial","volume":"39","author":"Hur","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"R37-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3727\/096368915X687796","article-title":"Continuous improvement after multiple mesenchymal stem cell transplantations in a patient with complete spinal cord injury","volume":"24","author":"Jarocha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"R38-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a020487","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020487","article-title":"Schwann cells: development and role in nerve repair","volume":"7","author":"Jessen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"R39-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.02.003","article-title":"Clinical safety and primary efficacy of bone marrow mesenchymal cell transplantation in subacute spinal cord injured patients","volume":"114","author":"Karamouzian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"R40-20260525","first-page":"207","article-title":"Reduction of lesion in injured rat spinal cord and partial functional recovery of motility after bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Karaoz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"key":"R41-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4694","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0311-05.2005","article-title":"Human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cell transplants remyelinate and restore locomotion after spinal cord injury","volume":"25","author":"Keirstead","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R42-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13435","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3257-09.2009","article-title":"Identification of two distinct macrophage subsets with divergent effects causing either neurotoxicity or regeneration in the injured mouse spinal cord","volume":"29","author":"Kigerl","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R43-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.025833","article-title":"Rat models of spinal cord injury: from pathology to potential therapies","volume":"9","author":"Kjell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"R44-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2005.3.3.0173","article-title":"Clinical experience using incubated autologous macrophages as a treatment for complete spinal cord injury: phase I study results","volume":"3","author":"Knoller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"R45-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000183329.05994.d7","article-title":"Hematopoietic stem cell and marrow stromal cell for spinal cord injury in mice","volume":"16","author":"Koda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"R46-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.39","article-title":"Autologous incubated macrophage therapy in acute, complete spinal cord injury: results of the phase 2 randomized controlled multicenter trial","volume":"50","author":"Lammertse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"R47-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx250","article-title":"Emerging safety of intramedullary transplantation of human neural stem cells in chronic cervical and thoracic spinal cord injury","volume":"82","author":"Levi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"R48-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20917","article-title":"Olfactory mucosa for transplant-mediated repair: a complex tissue for a complex injury","volume":"58","author":"Lindsay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R49-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.284997","article-title":"Human adipose tissue- and umbilical cord-derived stem cells: which is a better alternative to treat spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"R50-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn173","article-title":"Autologous olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation in human paraplegia: a 3-year clinical trial","volume":"131","author":"Mackay-Sim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R51-20260525","first-page":"248","article-title":"Bone marrow and umbilical cord blood human mesenchymal stem cells: state of the art","volume":"3","author":"Malgieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"R52-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.17-0065","article-title":"Human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells: preclinical efficacy and safety in cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Manley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"R53-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.09.015","article-title":"The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization","volume":"25","author":"Mantovani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"R54-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt516","article-title":"Safety and neurological assessments after autologous transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in subjects with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"5","author":"Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"R55-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2448","article-title":"Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation","volume":"8","author":"Mosser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R56-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2109","article-title":"Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells promotes an alternative pathway of macrophage activation and functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"29","author":"Nakajima","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R57-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13071","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells stimulated with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound: Better choice of transplantation treatment for spinal cord injury: Treatment for SCI by LIPUS-BMSCs transplantation","volume":"25","author":"Ning","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"R58-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20127","article-title":"Human embryonic stem cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes in high purity and myelinate after spinal cord transplantation","volume":"49","author":"Nistor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R59-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.2217\/rme.15.57","article-title":"Preclinical safety of human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitors supporting clinical trials in spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Priest","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regen Med"},{"key":"R60-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060513476426","article-title":"Clinical application of olfactory ensheathing cells in the treatment of spinal cord injury","volume":"41","author":"Rao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"R61-20260525","first-page":"127","article-title":"Administration of cultured autologous bone marrow stromal cells into cerebrospinal fluid in spinal injury patients: a pilot study","volume":"30","author":"Saito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"R62-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5716","article-title":"Clinical and neurophysiological changes after targeted intrathecal injections of bone marrow stem cells in a C3 tetraplegic subject","volume":"36","author":"Santamar\u00eda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R63-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2016.01.004","article-title":"Autologous mesenchymal stromal cell transplantation for spinal cord injury: A Phase I pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Satti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"R64-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.245","article-title":"Human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cell transplants improve recovery after cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"28","author":"Sharp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"R65-20260525","first-page":"4081","article-title":"Research progress in mesenchymal stem cells for treating spinal cord injury","volume":"24","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu"},{"key":"R66-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630932","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/630932","article-title":"Clinical trial of human fetal brain-derived neural stem\/progenitor cell transplantation in patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"2015","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"R67-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.3727\/096368912X663532","article-title":"Transplantation of autologous olfactory ensheathing cells in complete human spinal cord injury","volume":"22","author":"Tabakow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"R68-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2018.07.015","article-title":"Evidence of axon connectivity across a spinal cord transection in rats treated with epidural stimulation and motor training combined with olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation","volume":"309","author":"Thornton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"R69-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab1615","article-title":"Neuroscience, Systemically treating spinal cord injury","volume":"348","author":"Tran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R70-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2016.05.003","article-title":"An approach to personalized cell therapy in chronic complete paraplegia: The Puerta de Hierro phase I\/II clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"Vaquero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"R71-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2018.03.032","article-title":"Intrathecal administration of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells for spinal cord injury: Safety and efficacy of the 100\/3 guideline","volume":"20","author":"Vaquero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"R72-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2016.12.002","article-title":"Repeated subarachnoid administrations of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells supported in autologous plasma improve quality of life in patients suffering incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"19","author":"Vaquero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"R73-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22774","article-title":"Macrophages in spinal cord injury: phenotypic and functional change from exposure to myelin debris","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R74-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1160\/TH11-05-0320","article-title":"Differentiation factors and cytokines in the atherosclerotic plaque micro-environment as a trigger for macrophage polarisation","volume":"106","author":"Wolfs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"R75-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.07.010","article-title":"Recovery of paralyzed limb motor function in canine with complete spinal cord injury following implantation of MSC-derived neural network tissue","volume":"181","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R76-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.3727\/096368912X633743","article-title":"Clinical observation of fetal olfactory ensheathing glia transplantation (OEGT) in patients with complete chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"R77-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689718766279","article-title":"Significant improvement of acute complete spinal cord injury patients diagnosed by a combined criteria implanted with NeuroRegen scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"27","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"R78-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00213","article-title":"Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells promotes functional improvement associated with NT-3-MEK-1 activation in spinal cord-transected rats","volume":"11","author":"Xiong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"R79-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689718779353","article-title":"Olfactory ensheathing cells for spinal cord injury: sniffing out the issues","volume":"27","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"R80-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689719883842","article-title":"Intravenous transplantation of olfactory bulb ensheathing cells for a spinal cord hemisection injury rat model","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"R81-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-009-9992-x","article-title":"Cografted Wharton\u2019s jelly cells-derived neurospheres and BDNF promote functional recovery after rat spinal cord transection","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"R82-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.08.051","article-title":"A combination of taxol infusion and human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells transplantation for the treatment of rat spinal cord injury","volume":"1481","author":"Zhilai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"R83-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24558","article-title":"Neural stem cell therapy aiming at better functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"247","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Dyn"}],"container-title":["Neural Regeneration Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1673-5374.293130","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:30:08Z","timestamp":1786735808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1673-5374.293130"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1673-5374.293130","relation":{},"ISSN":["1673-5374","1876-7958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1673-5374","type":"print"},{"value":"1876-7958","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-03-15","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-26","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}