{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:32:54Z","timestamp":1786739574636,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600732800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Despite emerging contemporary biotechnological methods such as gene- and stem cell-based therapy, there are no clinically established therapeutic strategies for neural regeneration after spinal cord injury. Our previous studies have demonstrated that transplantation of genetically engineered human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells producing three recombinant therapeutic molecules, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) can improve morpho-functional recovery of injured spinal cord in rats and mini-pigs. To investigate the efficacy of human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells-mediated triple-gene therapy combined with epidural electrical stimulation in the treatment of spinal cord injury, in this study, rats with moderate spinal cord contusion injury were intrathecally infused with human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells expressing recombinant genes\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">VEGF165, GDNF, NCAM1<\/jats:italic>\n                    at 4 hours after spinal cord injury. Three days after injury, epidural stimulations were given simultaneously above the lesion site at C5 (to stimulate the cervical network related to forelimb functions) and below the lesion site at L2 (to activate the central pattern generators) every other day for 4 weeks. Rats subjected to the combined treatment showed a limited functional improvement of the knee joint, high preservation of muscle fiber area in tibialis anterior muscle and increased H\/M ratio in gastrocnemius muscle 30 days after spinal cord injury. However, beneficial cellular outcomes such as reduced apoptosis and increased sparing of the gray and white matters, and enhanced expression of heat shock and synaptic proteins were found in rats with spinal cord injury subjected to the combined epidural electrical stimulation with gene therapy. This study presents the first proof of principle study of combination of the multisite epidural electrical stimulation with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    triple gene therapy (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">VEGF<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">GDNF<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">NCAM<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) for treatment of spinal cord injury in rat models. The animal protocols were approved by the Kazan State Medical University Animal Care and Use Committee (approval No. 2.20.02.18) on February 20, 2018.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.293150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T06:15:54Z","timestamp":1600841754000},"page":"550-560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Combination of epidural electrical stimulation with ex vivo triple gene therapy for spinal cord injury: a proof of principle study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Filip Olegovich","family":"Fadeev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farid Vagizovich","family":"Bashirov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahe Arshaluysovich","family":"Markosyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey Alexandrovich","family":"Izmailov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatyana Vyacheslavovna","family":"Povysheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail Evgenyevich","family":"Sokolov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxim Sergeevich","family":"Kuznetsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton Alexandrovich","family":"Eremeev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan [Volga Region] Federal University, Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilnur Ildusovich","family":"Salafutdinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan [Volga Region] Federal University, Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert Anatolyevich","family":"Rizvanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan [Volga Region] Federal University, Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6985-0690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Joon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA"},{"name":"Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6632-4636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rustem Robertovich","family":"Islamov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)91489-N","article-title":"Initiation and modulation of the locomotor pattern in the adult chronic spinal cat by noradrenergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic drugs","volume":"546","author":"Barbeau","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"R2-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2107","article-title":"Down-regulation of the potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC2 contributes to spasticity after spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Boulenguez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R3-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.11.028","article-title":"Calcium signaling","volume":"131","author":"Clapham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R4-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1682","article-title":"Recovery of supraspinal control of stepping via indirect propriospinal relay connections after spinal cord","volume":"14","author":"Courtine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R5-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09062.x","article-title":"Evidence for a spinal central pattern generator in humans","volume":"860","author":"Dimitrijevic","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"R6-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00609.2014","article-title":"Initiation and modulation of locomotor circuitry output with multisite transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord in noninjured humans","volume":"113","author":"Gerasimenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R7-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022199214515","article-title":"Initiation of locomotor activity in spinal cats by epidural stimulation of the spinal cord","volume":"33","author":"Gerasimenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci Behav Physiol"},{"key":"R9-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0175-7","article-title":"Neuromodulation of lumbosacral spinal networks enables independent stepping after complete paraplegia","volume":"24","author":"Gill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R10-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-018-2301-z","article-title":"Epidemiology and pathophysiology of neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Hamid","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"R11-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0729-3","article-title":"Role of electrical stimulation for rehabilitation and regeneration after spinal cord injury: an overview","volume":"17","author":"Hamid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"R12-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71","article-title":"Characterization of recovered walking patterns and motor control after contusive spinal cord injury in rats","volume":"2","author":"Hansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"R13-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3023","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3023","article-title":"Using visuo-kinetic virtual reality to induce illusory spinal movement: the MoOVi Illusion","volume":"5","author":"Harvie","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"R14-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation and spinal cord injury","volume":"25","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"R15-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-7682-3-30","article-title":"Feasibility of combination allogeneic stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury: a case report","volume":"3","author":"Ichim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Arch Med"},{"key":"R16-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.04.080","article-title":"Dose dependence of the 5-HT agonist quipazine in facilitating spinal stepping in the rat with epidural stimulation","volume":"438","author":"Ichiyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"R17-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.04.049","article-title":"Hindlimb stepping movements in complete spinal rats induced by epidural spinal cord stimulation","volume":"383","author":"Ichiyama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"R18-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.2174\/1566523215666150126122317","article-title":"Symptomatic improvement, increased life-span and sustained cell homing in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis after transplantation of human umbilical cord blood cells genetically modified with adeno-viral vectors expressing a neuro-protective factor and a neur","volume":"15","author":"Islamov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Gene Ther"},{"key":"R19-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.02.034","article-title":"A pilot study of cell-mediated gene therapy for spinal cord injury in mini pigs","volume":"644","author":"Islamov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"R20-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3109\/08990229109144751","article-title":"Locomotion induced by spinal cord stimulation in the neonate rat in vitro","volume":"8","author":"Iwahara","year":"1991","journal-title":"Somatosens Mot Res"},{"key":"R21-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00813","article-title":"Spinal cord molecular and cellular changes induced by adenoviral vector- and cell-mediated triple gene therapy after severe contusion","volume":"8","author":"Izmailov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"R22-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.23868\/201707030","article-title":"Comparative analysis of efficiency of direct and cell-mediated gene therapy of rats with contusion spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"Izmailov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"R23-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200507000-00015","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of epidural electrical stimulation against ischemic spinal cord injury in rats: electrical preconditioning","volume":"103","author":"Kakinohana","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R24-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6022","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0080-08.2008","article-title":"Epidural stimulation induced modulation of spinal locomotor networks in adult spinal rats","volume":"28","author":"Lavrov","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R25-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00325.2006","article-title":"Plasticity of spinal cord reflexes after a complete transection in adult rats: relationship to stepping ability","volume":"96","author":"Lavrov","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R26-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-009-0328-2","article-title":"Exercise tests and BBB method for evaluation of motor disorders in rats after contusion spinal injury","volume":"146","author":"Lebedev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"R27-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.12.009","article-title":"Better functional outcome of compression spinal cord injury in mice is associated with enhanced H-reflex responses","volume":"216","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"R28-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.08.018","article-title":"Effect of spinal cord injury severity on alterations of the H-reflex","volume":"196","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"R29-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-1581fje","article-title":"Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt effectors mediate insulin-like growth factor-I neuroprotection in dorsal root ganglia neurons","volume":"18","author":"Leinninger","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"R30-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2680","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.8.2680-2698.2003","article-title":"From calcium to NF-kappa B signaling pathways in neurons","volume":"23","author":"Lilienbaum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"R31-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2009.10.002","article-title":"Viral vectors for neurotrophic factor delivery: a gene therapy approach for neurodegenerative diseases of the CNS","volume":"61","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"R32-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2012.09.005","article-title":"Clinical analysis of the treatment of spinal cord injury with umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"R33-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1801-28","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation in spinal cord injury: from theory to practice","volume":"18","author":"Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"R34-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00152","article-title":"Testing the excitability of human motoneurones","volume":"7","author":"McNeil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"R35-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10372","article-title":"The H-reflex as a tool in neurophysiology: Its limitations and uses in understanding nervous system function","volume":"28","author":"Misiaszek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"R36-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7498","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.11.7498-7509.1996","article-title":"Evaluation of the concentration and bioactivity of adenovirus vectors for gene therapy","volume":"70","author":"Mittereder","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R37-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.161","article-title":"Adenoviral vector carrying glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor for direct gene therapy in comparison with human umbilical cord blood cell-mediated therapy of spinal cord injury in rat","volume":"54","author":"Mukhamedshina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"R38-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2006.04.032","article-title":"A rapid and efficient method for purification of recombinant adenovirus with arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-modified fibers","volume":"354","author":"Peng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"R39-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00480.2015","article-title":"Spinal electro-magnetic stimulation combined with transgene delivery of neurotrophin NT-3 and exercise: novel combination therapy for spinal contusion injury","volume":"114","author":"Petrosyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R40-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.09.004","article-title":"A phase1 study of stereotactic gene delivery of AAV2-NGF for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Rafii","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"R41-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01128.2014","article-title":"Spinal segment-specific transcutaneous stimulation differentially shapes activation pattern among motor pools in humans","volume":"118","author":"Sayenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"R42-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858417699554","article-title":"Spinal epidural stimulation strategies: clinical implications of locomotor studies in spinal rats","volume":"23","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"R43-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985811402846","article-title":"Swine as models in biomedical research and toxicology testing","volume":"49","author":"Swindle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"R44-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.10.004","article-title":"And yet it moves: Recovery of volitional control after spinal cord injury","volume":"160","author":"Taccola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"R45-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2018.07.015","article-title":"Evidence of axon connectivity across a spinal cord transection in rats treated with epidural stimulation and motor training combined with olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation","volume":"309","author":"Thornton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"R46-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1955","article-title":"Therapeutic interventions after spinal cord injury","volume":"7","author":"Thuret","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"R47-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2005.09.010","article-title":"A review of the H-reflex and M-wave in the human triceps surae","volume":"24","author":"Tucker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"R48-20260525","first-page":"11","article-title":"Gene delivery strategies to promote spinal cord repair","volume":"2015","author":"Walthers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomark Insights"},{"key":"R49-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24436","article-title":"Gene delivery of neurturin to putamen and substantia nigra in Parkinson disease: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"78","author":"Warren Olanow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R51-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-010-9639-0","article-title":"Electrical stimulation promotes BDNF expression in spinal cord neurons through Ca(2+)- and Erk-dependent signaling pathways","volume":"31","author":"Wenjin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"R52-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11024","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.191352298","article-title":"Calcium regulation of neuronal gene expression","volume":"98","author":"West","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R53-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2010.11.009","article-title":"Activity-dependent calcium signaling and ERK-MAP kinases in neurons: A link to structural plasticity of the nucleus and gene transcription regulation","volume":"49","author":"Wiegert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"R54-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.121206","article-title":"Emerging therapies for acute traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"185","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"R55-20260525","first-page":"397","article-title":"Human umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation for the treatment of chronic spinal cord injury: Electrophysiological changes and long-term efficacy","volume":"8","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"R56-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-008-0124-4","article-title":"Gene therapy of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"145","author":"Zavalishin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"R57-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.232483","article-title":"Early electrical field stimulation prevents the loss of spinal cord anterior horn motoneurons and muscle atrophy following spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"R58-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7351238","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7351238","article-title":"Tail nerve electrical stimulation and electro-acupuncture can protect spinal motor neurons and alleviate muscle atrophy after spinal cord transection in rats","volume":"2017","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"R59-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2015-0270","article-title":"RAS and downstream RAF-MEK and PI3K-AKT signaling in neuronal development, function and dysfunction","volume":"397","author":"Zhong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Chem"},{"key":"R60-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.3727\/096368916X691411","article-title":"Phase I-II clinical trial assessing safety and efficacy of umbilical cord blood mononuclear cell transplant therapy of chronic complete spinal cord injury","volume":"25","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"}],"container-title":["Neural Regeneration Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1673-5374.293150","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:30:09Z","timestamp":1786735809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1673-5374.293150"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1673-5374.293150","relation":{},"ISSN":["1673-5374","1876-7958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1673-5374","type":"print"},{"value":"1876-7958","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-10-15","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-29","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}