{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:24:34Z","timestamp":1792466674105,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Acute care management of traumatic brain injury is focused on the prevention and reduction of secondary insults such as hypotension, hypoxia, intracranial hypertension, and detrimental inflammation. However, the imperative to balance multiple clinical concerns simultaneously often results in therapeutic strategies targeted to address one clinical concern causing unintended effects in other remote organ systems. Recently the bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain has been shown to influence both the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract homeostasis in health and disease. A critical component of this axis is the microorganisms of the gut known as the gut microbiome. Changes in gut microbial populations in the setting of central nervous system disease, including traumatic brain injury, have been reported in both humans and experimental animal models and can be further disrupted by off-target effects of patient care. In this review article, we will explore the important role gut microbial populations play in regulating brain-resident and peripheral immune cell responses after traumatic brain injury. We will discuss the role of bacterial metabolites in gut microbial regulation of neuroinflammation and their potential as an avenue for therapeutic intervention in the setting of traumatic brain injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.379014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T12:02:46Z","timestamp":1689768166000},"page":"272-276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Gut microbial regulation of innate and adaptive immunity after traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Celorrio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirill","family":"Shumilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5854-5092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart H.","family":"Friess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180794","article-title":"Microbiome-microglia connections via the gut-brain axis","volume":"216","author":"Abdel-Haq","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R2-20260525","first-page":"CD000196","article-title":"Corticosteroids for acute traumatic brain injury","volume":"2005","author":"Alderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R3-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-102319-103410","article-title":"Meningeal immunity and its function in maintenance of the central nervous system in health and disease","volume":"38","author":"Alves de Lima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R4-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39780","article-title":"B cells produce pathogenic antibodies and impair recovery after spinal cord injury in mice","volume":"119","author":"Ankeny","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R5-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3644","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.46834","article-title":"The peripheral immune system and traumatic brain injury:insight into the role of T-helper cells","volume":"18","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"R6-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73227-5","article-title":"Drugs with anti-inflammatory effects to improve outcome of traumatic brain injury:a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Begemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R7-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2604","article-title":"Compartmentalized and systemic control of tissue immunity by commensals","volume":"14","author":"Belkaid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"R8-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011","article-title":"Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R9-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3352","article-title":"Long-term consequences of traumatic brain injury:current status of potential mechanisms of injury and neurological outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Bramlett","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R10-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.61.3.279","article-title":"Expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and recruitment of neutrophils after traumatic brain injury in rats","volume":"61","author":"Carlos","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"R11-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-021-01137-2","article-title":"Gut microbial dysbiosis after traumatic brain injury modulates the immune response and impairs neurogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Celorrio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"R12-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0356","article-title":"Innate and peripheral immune alterations after traumatic brain injury are regulated in a gut microbiota-dependent manner in mice","author":"Celorrio","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R13-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15892","article-title":"The role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in long-term neurodegenerative processes following traumatic brain injury","volume":"57","author":"Chiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"R14-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1644-y","article-title":"The microbiota regulate neuronal function and fear extinction learning","volume":"574","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R15-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.322423","article-title":"Microglia regulation of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory","volume":"17","author":"Cornell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"R16-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.3558","article-title":"Inflammation and neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury","volume":"72","author":"Corps","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"R17-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00994-2","article-title":"Immune cell compartmentalization for brain surveillance and protection","volume":"22","author":"Croese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"R18-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.09.046","article-title":"Activated CD8(+) T cells cause long-term neurological impairment after traumatic brain injury in mice","volume":"29","author":"Daglas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"R19-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication","volume":"16","author":"Dalile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R20-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113310","article-title":"Microglia and macrophage metabolism in CNS injury and disease:the role of immunometabolism in neurodegeneration and neurotrauma","volume":"329","author":"Devanney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"R21-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4030","article-title":"Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS","volume":"18","author":"Erny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"R22-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.10.010","article-title":"Microbiota-derived acetate enables the metabolic fitness of the brain innate immune system during health and disease","volume":"33","author":"Erny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"R23-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.07.050","article-title":"Interactions of innate and adaptive immunity in brain development and function","volume":"1617","author":"Filiano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"R24-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194637","article-title":"Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages","volume":"330","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R25-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e143777","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI143777","article-title":"Brain-gut axis dysfunction in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury","volume":"131","author":"Hanscom","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R26-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piab087","article-title":"Early antibiotic exposure in severe pediatric traumatic brain injury","author":"Hartman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"R27-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2016.06.027","article-title":"A semi-Lagrangian finite difference WENO scheme for scalar nonlinear conservation laws","volume":"322","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Comput Phys"},{"key":"R28-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.010","article-title":"Neuroimmunology of traumatic brain injury:time for a paradigm shift","volume":"95","author":"Jassam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"R29-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00282","article-title":"Crosstalk between gut microbiota and innate immunity and its implication in autoimmune diseases","volume":"11","author":"Jiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R30-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3430","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in immunity and inflammatory disease","volume":"13","author":"Kamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R31-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-17","article-title":"Neutrophil depletion reduces edema formation and tissue loss following traumatic brain injury in mice","volume":"9","author":"Kenne","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R32-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004339","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1004339","article-title":"Regulation of T cell repertoires by commensal microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"R33-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001735","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of pediatric severe traumatic brain injury, third edition:update of the brain trauma foundation guidelines","volume":"20","author":"Kochanek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R34-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1550-0","article-title":"Depletion of regulatory T cells increases T cell brain infiltration, reactive astrogliosis, and interferon-gamma gene expression in acute experimental traumatic brain injury","volume":"16","author":"Kramer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R35-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.06.008","article-title":"Neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury:opportunities for therapeutic intervention","volume":"26","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"R36-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabp9960","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abp9960","article-title":"The microbiome and gut homeostasis","volume":"377","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R37-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.155094","article-title":"Role of regulatory T cell in clinical outcome of traumatic brain injury","volume":"128","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"R38-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.08.018","article-title":"Microglia in the TBI brain:the good, the bad, and the dysregulated","volume":"275","author":"Loane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"R39-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03468-9","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids promote the effect of environmental signals on the gut microbiome and metabolome in mice","volume":"5","author":"Marrocco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"R40-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09550-9_1","article-title":"Overview of gut immunology","volume":"635","author":"Mason","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"R41-20260525","first-page":"1407","article-title":"The \u201cT\u201din trauma:the helper T-cell response and the role of immunomodulation in trauma and burn patients","volume":"63","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"R42-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001511","article-title":"Costs of nonfatal traumatic brain injury in the United States, 2016","volume":"59","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"R43-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.04.074","article-title":"Ly6C(hi) Monocytes provide a link between antibiotic-induced changes in gut microbiota and adult hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Mohle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"R44-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-200116030-00001","article-title":"Role of cerebral inflammation after traumatic brain injury:a revisited concept","volume":"16","author":"Morganti-Kossmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"R45-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1944-6","article-title":"The complexity of neuroinflammation consequent to traumatic brain injury:from research evidence to potential treatments","volume":"137","author":"Morganti-Kossmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"R46-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.04.005","article-title":"The immunological response to traumatic brain injury","volume":"332","author":"Needham","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"R47-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001211","article-title":"Moderate traumatic brain injury alters the gastrointestinal microbiome in a time-dependent manner","volume":"52","author":"Nicholson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"R48-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1973.224.6.1450","article-title":"Carrier-mediated blood-brain barrier transport of short-chain monocarboxylic organic acids","volume":"224","author":"Oldendorf","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"R49-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7506","article-title":"Sustained dysbiosis and decreased fecal short chain fatty acids after traumatic brain injury and impact on neurologic outcome","volume":"38","author":"Opeyemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R50-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.44","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids induce both effector and regulatory T cells by suppression of histone deacetylases and regulation of the mTOR-S6K pathway","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"R51-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.026","article-title":"Microglia require CD4 T cells to complete the fetal-to-adult transition","volume":"182","author":"Pasciuto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R52-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc7191","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abc7191","article-title":"Gut microbiota-specific IgA(+) B cells traffic to the CNS in active multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Probstel Pr\u00f6bstel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"R53-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22455","article-title":"Inflammation after trauma:microglial activation and traumatic brain injury","volume":"70","author":"Ramlackhansingh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R54-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002929","article-title":"Temporal and spatial changes in the microbiome following pediatric severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"23","author":"Rogers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R55-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.42","article-title":"Gut microbiota, metabolites and host immunity","volume":"16","author":"Rooks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R56-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.22","article-title":"Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury","volume":"9","author":"Roozenbeek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"R57-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1359-19.2019","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids improve poststroke recovery via immunological mechanisms","volume":"40","author":"Sadler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R58-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.01.051","article-title":"Enteric glia regulate intestinal barrier function and inflammation via release of S-nitrosoglutathione","volume":"132","author":"Savidge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R59-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2971-8","article-title":"The gut microbiota is associated with immune cell dynamics in humans","volume":"588","author":"Schluter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R60-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(01)00009-0","article-title":"Protective autoimmunity as a T-cell response to central nervous system trauma:prospects for therapeutic vaccines","volume":"65","author":"Schwartz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"R61-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4914(01)01993-1","article-title":"Protective autoimmunity:regulation and prospects for vaccination after brain and spinal cord injuries","volume":"7","author":"Schwartz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"R62-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids from gut microbiota in gut-brain communication","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"R63-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.13","article-title":"The far-reaching scope of neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Simon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"R64-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172747","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunity cooperate flexibly to maintain host-microbiota mutualism","volume":"325","author":"Slack","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R65-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2022.100438","article-title":"Alterations to the gut microbiome after sport-related concussion in a collegiate football players cohort:a pilot study","volume":"21","author":"Soriano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"R66-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0897-4_8","article-title":"Microbiome, HPA axis and production of endocrine hormones in the gut","volume":"817","author":"Sudo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"R67-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R290","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10579","article-title":"Effects of probiotics on serum levels of Th1\/Th2 cytokine and clinical outcomes in severe traumatic brain-injured patients:a prospective randomized pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R68-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02757","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury in mice induces acute bacterial dysbiosis within the fecal microbiome","volume":"9","author":"Treangen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R69-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax8847","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax8847","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps exacerbate neurological deficits after traumatic brain injury","volume":"6","author":"Vaibhav","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"R70-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.12.003","article-title":"The role of the microbiota in acute stress-induced myeloid immune cell trafficking","volume":"84","author":"van de Wouw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"R71-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2020.103493","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) alone or in combination regulate select immune functions of microglia-like cells","volume":"105","author":"Wenzel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"R72-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.013","article-title":"Repopulating microglia promote brain repair in an IL-6-dependent manner","volume":"180","author":"Willis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R73-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30279-X","article-title":"The chronic and evolving neurological consequences of traumatic brain injury","volume":"16","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R74-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2469-20.2020","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury causes chronic cortical inflammation and neuronal dysfunction mediated by microglia","volume":"41","author":"Witcher","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R75-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7526","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury induces gastrointestinal dysfunction and dysbiosis of gut microbiota accompanied by alterations of bile acid profile","volume":"39","author":"You","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R76-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3641","article-title":"Deficient neuron-microglia signaling results in impaired functional brain connectivity and social behavior","volume":"17","author":"Zhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"R77-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113585","article-title":"Gut microbiota-brain interaction:An emerging immunotherapy for traumatic brain injury","volume":"337","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"R78-20260525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1629","article-title":"Immune cells contribute to the maintenance of neurogenesis and spatial learning abilities in adulthood","volume":"9","author":"Ziv","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Neural Regeneration Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1673-5374.379014","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:31:12Z","timestamp":1786735872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1673-5374.379014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1673-5374.379014","relation":{},"ISSN":["1673-5374","1876-7958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1673-5374","type":"print"},{"value":"1876-7958","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-12-29","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-08","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}