{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:55:33Z","timestamp":1792626933834,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There is increasing evidence that the gut microbiota affects the incidence and progression of central nervous system diseases via the brain-gut axis. The spinal cord is a vital important part of the central nervous system; however, the underlying association between spinal cord injury and gut interactions remains unknown. Recent studies suggest that patients with spinal cord injury frequently experience intestinal dysfunction and gut dysbiosis. Alterations in the gut microbiota can cause disruption in the intestinal barrier and trigger neurogenic inflammatory responses which may impede recovery after spinal cord injury. This review summarizes existing clinical and basic research on the relationship between the gut microbiota and spinal cord injury. Our research identified three key points. First, the gut microbiota in patients with spinal cord injury presents a key characteristic and gut dysbiosis may profoundly influence multiple organs and systems in patients with spinal cord injury. Second, following spinal cord injury, weakened intestinal peristalsis, prolonged intestinal transport time, and immune dysfunction of the intestine caused by abnormal autonomic nerve function, as well as frequent antibiotic treatment, may induce gut dysbiosis. Third, the gut microbiota and associated metabolites may act on central neurons and affect recovery after spinal cord injury; cytokines and the Toll-like receptor ligand pathways have been identified as crucial mechanisms in the communication between the gut microbiota and central nervous system. Fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, dietary interventions, and other therapies have been shown to serve a neuroprotective role in spinal cord injury by modulating the gut microbiota. Therapies targeting the gut microbiota or associated metabolites are a promising approach to promote functional recovery and improve the complications of spinal cord injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.380881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T13:07:16Z","timestamp":1691759236000},"page":"548-556","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Dual-directional regulation of spinal cord injury and the gut microbiota"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yinjie","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"},{"name":"School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China"},{"name":"Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Cooperation and Exchange Office, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuwen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haixia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijian","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongru","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4782-8732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenguang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3380-2793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongzheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12605","article-title":"Antibiotics with therapeutic effects on spinal cord injury:a review","volume":"35","author":"Afshari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R2-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.003","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulation of tryptophan metabolism in health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Agus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"R3-20230927","first-page":"508","article-title":"Editorial:cytokines as players of neuronal plasticity and sensitivity to environment in healthy and pathological brain","volume":"9","author":"Alboni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"R4-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.335837","article-title":"The influence of gut microbiota alteration on age-related neuroinflammation and cognitive decline","volume":"17","author":"Alsegiani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"R5-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104169","article-title":"Prebiotic effect of dietary polyphenols:A systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Alves-Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"R6-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680363","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/680363","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 may help downregulate TNF-Alpha, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 (p70) in the neurogenic bladder of spinal cord injured patient with urinary tract infections:a two-case study","volume":"2009","author":"Anukam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv Urol"},{"key":"R7-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.10.021","article-title":"Elevated circulating levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor in individuals with acute spinal cord injury","volume":"96","author":"Bank","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R8-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002471","article-title":"Spinal cord injury in mice affects central and peripheral pathology in a severity-dependent manner","volume":"163","author":"Bannerman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R9-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4696","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i32.4696","article-title":"Effect of mild moxibustion on intestinal microbiota and NLRP6 inflammasome signaling in rats with post-inflammatory irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R10-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12743","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92027-z","article-title":"Changes in gut microbiota in the acute phase after spinal cord injury correlate with severity of the lesion","volume":"11","author":"Bazzocchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R11-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i20.2479","article-title":"Diet in neurogenic bowel management:a viewpoint on spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Bernardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R12-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i12.3736","article-title":"Complicated fecal microbiota transplantation in a tetraplegic patient with severe Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"21","author":"Brechmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R13-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0261-4","article-title":"Epithelial Toll-like receptors and their role in gut homeostasis and disease","volume":"17","author":"Burgue\u00f1o","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R14-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.11.009","article-title":"Minocycline treatment prevents depression and anxiety-like behaviors and promotes neuroprotection after experimental ischemic stroke","volume":"155","author":"Camargos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"R15-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb242543","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.242543","article-title":"Effects of 12 weeks of resistance training on rat gut microbiota composition","volume":"224","author":"Castro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"R16-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00051","article-title":"Gut microbiota modification:another piece in the puzzle of the benefits of physical exercise in health","volume":"7","author":"Cerd\u00e1","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"R17-20230927","first-page":"182","article-title":"Existing problems and solutions of gut microbiome research","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yanxing Changbing Zazhi"},{"key":"R18-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13968","article-title":"Electroacupuncture modulates the intestinal microecology to improve intestinal motility in spinal cord injury rats","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb Biotechnol"},{"key":"R19-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11234","article-title":"Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome","volume":"486","author":"Consortium","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R20-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30356-4","article-title":"The gut microbiome in neurological disorders","volume":"19","author":"Cryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R21-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01356","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.01356-20","article-title":"Spinal cord injury changes the structure and functional potential of gut bacterial and viral communities","volume":"6","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"R22-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E398","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003789","article-title":"Clinical benefit of rehabilitation training in spinal cord injury:a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R23-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.035","article-title":"Propionic acid shapes the multiple sclerosis disease course by an immunomodulatory mechanism","volume":"180","author":"Duscha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R24-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.03.002","article-title":"Gut microbiota:the conductor in the orchestra of immune-neuroendocrine communication","volume":"37","author":"El Aidy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"R25-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081598","article-title":"Faecal microbiota in patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction and spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis-A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Faber","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"R26-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8100195","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8100195","article-title":"Effects of polyphenols on oxidative stress, inflammation, and interconnected pathways during spinal cord injury","volume":"2022","author":"Fakhri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"R27-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad3503","article-title":"Population-level analysis of gut microbiome variation","volume":"352","author":"Falony","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R28-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2018.05.002","article-title":"Spinal cord injury:how could acupuncture help","volume":"11","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acupunct Meridian Stud"},{"key":"R30-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0419-4","article-title":"RAGE-TLR crosstalk sustains chronic inflammation in neurodegeneration","volume":"55","author":"G\u0105siorowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"R31-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1086\/605720","article-title":"Reproducibility of the surveillance effect to decrease nosocomial infection rates","volume":"30","author":"Gastmeier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"R32-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990-2016:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R33-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200112151-00013","article-title":"Recruitment and early treatment in a multicenter study of acute spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Geisler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R35-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.9064","article-title":"Probiotics to prevent clostridium difficile infection in patients receiving antibiotics","volume":"320","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R36-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000245","article-title":"Effects of spinal cord injury on body composition and metabolic profile - part I","volume":"37","author":"Gorgey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"R37-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-090711-163814","article-title":"The human microbiome:our second genome","volume":"13","author":"Grice","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet"},{"key":"R38-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2009.11760749","article-title":"Nutrient intake and body habitus after spinal cord injury:an analysis by sex and level of injury","volume":"32","author":"Groah","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"R39-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0145878","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145878","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Gungor","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R40-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320260","article-title":"Australian consensus statements for the regulation, production and use of faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice","volume":"69","author":"Haifer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"R41-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4985","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-019-04949-7","article-title":"Probiotic supplementation attenuates hippocampus injury and spatial learning and memory impairments in a cerebral hypoperfusion mouse model","volume":"46","author":"Hamideh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"R42-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106377","article-title":"Resveratrol suppresses microglial activation and promotes functional recovery of traumatic spinal cord via improving intestinal microbiota","volume":"183","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"R43-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.06.203","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in central nervous system injury and disease:a focus on the spinal cord","volume":"42","author":"Heiman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"R44-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-030409-101330","article-title":"Intestinal bacteria and the regulation of immune cell homeostasis","volume":"28","author":"Hill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R45-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071613","article-title":"Gut microbiome:profound implications for diet and disease","volume":"11","author":"Hills","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R46-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12568","article-title":"Experiences of veterans with spinal cord injury related to annual urine screening and antibiotic use for urinary tract infections","volume":"13","author":"Hines-Munson","year":"2021","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"R47-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05747-w","article-title":"Gut microbiota mediate melatonin signalling in association with type 2 diabetes","volume":"65","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"R48-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5343","article-title":"A community perspective on bowel management and quality of life after spinal cord injury:the influence of autonomic dysreflexia","volume":"35","author":"Inskip","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R49-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0980-9","article-title":"Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome to attenuate spinal cord injury in mice","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R50-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6012","article-title":"Melatonin treatment alleviates spinal cord injury-induced gut dysbiosis in mice","volume":"36","author":"Jing","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R51-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118865","article-title":"Spinal cord injury and gut microbiota:A review","volume":"266","author":"Jing","year":"2021a","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"R52-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01007-y","article-title":"Effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on neurological restoration in a spinal cord injury mouse model:involvement of brain-gut axis","volume":"9","author":"Jing","year":"2021b","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"R53-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010016","article-title":"Aging, gut microbiota and metabolic diseases:management through physical exercise and nutritional interventions","volume":"13","author":"Ju\u00e1rez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R54-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.12096","article-title":"Significance of antioxidant potential of plants and its relevance to therapeutic applications","volume":"11","author":"Kasote","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"R55-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042839","article-title":"Dietary gut microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, and host metabolic regulation","volume":"7","author":"Kasubuchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R56-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00248","article-title":"Regeneration of spinal cord connectivity through stem cell transplantation and biomaterial scaffolds","volume":"13","author":"Katoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"R57-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1357534","article-title":"How important is tryptophan in human health","volume":"59","author":"Ka\u0142u\u017cna-Czapli\u0144ska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"R58-20230927","first-page":"120","article-title":"Natural polyphenols and spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Khalatbary","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran Biomed J"},{"key":"R59-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04524.x","article-title":"Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 regulate inflammation, gliosis, and myelin sparing after spinal cord injury","volume":"102","author":"Kigerl","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"R60-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151345","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis impairs recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"213","author":"Kigerl","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R61-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0583-2","article-title":"Gut microbiota are disease-modifying factors after traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Kigerl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"R62-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113085","article-title":"The spinal cord-gut-immune axis as a master regulator of health and neurological function after spinal cord injury","volume":"323","author":"Kigerl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"R63-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.104934","article-title":"A Western diet impairs CNS energy homeostasis and recovery after spinal cord injury:Link to astrocyte metabolism","volume":"141","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"R64-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X19899577","article-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia promotes neuroinflammation after focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"40","author":"Kurita","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"R65-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-022-00786-x","article-title":"Guideline for the management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in spinal cord injury\/disease","volume":"60","author":"Kurze","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"R66-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2012.12.011","article-title":"High-throughput analysis of the impact of antibiotics on the human intestinal microbiota composition","volume":"92","author":"Ladirat","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"R67-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3937","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1347-7","article-title":"Sodium butyrate exerts neuroprotective effects in spinal cord injury","volume":"56","author":"Lanza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"R68-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.03.043","article-title":"Gut microbiome composition and serum metabolome profile among individuals with spinal cord injury and normal glucose tolerance or prediabetes\/type 2 diabetes","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2022a","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R69-20230927","first-page":"91","article-title":"Comparison of the gut microbiome composition among individuals with acute or long-standing spinal cord injury vs","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2022b","journal-title":"able-bodied controls"},{"key":"R70-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.10.007","article-title":"Role of astroglial toll-like receptors (TLRs) in central nervous system infections, injury and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"R71-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0236470","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236470","article-title":"Alterations in the fecal microbiota of patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R72-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.181","article-title":"Prediction of severe neurogenic bowel dysfunction in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"R73-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412946","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/412946","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Clostridium butyricum against Vascular Dementia in Mice via Metabolic Butyrate","volume":"2015","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"R74-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2016.18","article-title":"The molecular mechanisms of TLR-signaling cooperation in cytokine regulation","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"R75-20230927","first-page":"76","article-title":"esearch progress in characteristics of intestinal flora and intestinal flora-targeted therapeutic methods in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zhonghua Chuangshang Zazhi"},{"key":"R76-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00123","article-title":"Role of tryptophan in microbiota-induced depressive-like behavior:evidence from tryptophan depletion study","volume":"13","author":"Luki\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"R77-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.03.040","article-title":"Valproic acid improves outcome after rodent spinal cord injury:potential roles of histone deacetylase inhibition","volume":"1396","author":"Lv","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"R78-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.03.020","article-title":"Prevalence of Clostridium difficile colonization at admission to rehabilitation","volume":"87","author":"Marciniak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R79-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01832","article-title":"Butyrate and dietary soluble fiber improve neuroinflammation associated with aging in mice","volume":"9","author":"Matt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R80-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3071","article-title":"Gut feelings:the emerging biology of gut-brain communication","volume":"12","author":"Mayer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"R81-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121348","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids in the colon and peripheral tissues:a focus on butyrate, colon cancer, obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"9","author":"McNabney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R82-20230927","first-page":"CD006676","article-title":"Locomotor training for walking after spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Mehrholz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R83-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1765","article-title":"Central nervous system injury-induced immune deficiency syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Meisel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"R84-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00581-2","article-title":"Microbiome risk profiles as biomarkers for inflammatory and metabolic disorders","volume":"19","author":"Metwaly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R85-20230927","first-page":"609","article-title":"Expression of TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB pathway genes and its related inflammatory factors in secondary spinal cord injury","volume":"48","author":"Mi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"R86-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.09.002","article-title":"Navigating the human gut microbiome:pathway to success from lessons learned","volume":"159","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R87-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.12.008","article-title":"Following spinal cord injury, PDE4B drives an acute, local inflammatory response and a chronic, systemic response exacerbated by gut dysbiosis and endotoxemia","volume":"124","author":"Myers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"R88-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5349","article-title":"Investigation of microbiota alterations and intestinal inflammation post-spinal cord injury in rat model","volume":"35","author":"O'Connor","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R89-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.07.027","article-title":"Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism and the brain-gut-microbiome axis","volume":"277","author":"O'Mahony","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"R90-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.01.010","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics, and low FODMAP diet for irritable bowel syndrome - What is the current evidence","volume":"43","author":"Ooi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"R91-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432785","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/432785","article-title":"Collaborative action of Toll-like and NOD-like receptors as modulators of the inflammatory response to pathogenic bacteria","volume":"2014","author":"Oviedo-Boyso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"R92-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0257-9","article-title":"Recovery of gut microbiota of healthy adults following antibiotic exposure","volume":"3","author":"Palleja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"R93-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.314317","article-title":"Hypoxic preconditioning reduces NLRP3 inflammasome expression and protects against cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"17","author":"Pang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"R94-20230927","first-page":"178","article-title":"Lower urinary tract and bowel dysfunction in neurologic disease","volume":"26","author":"Panicker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"R95-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2020.101806","article-title":"Microbiota-gut-brain axis in health and disease:Is NLRP3 inflammasome at the crossroads of microbiota-gut-brain communications","volume":"191","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"R96-20230927","first-page":"1334","article-title":"The prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome:IBS vs healthy controls (not historical definitions)","volume":"57","author":"Pimentel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"R97-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.06.001","article-title":"Antibiotic cycling prevents urinary tract infections in spinal cord injury patients and limits the emergence of multidrug resistant organism","volume":"71","author":"Poirier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"R98-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)52017-X","article-title":"Segmental organization of spinal reflexes mediating autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury","volume":"152","author":"Rabchevsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"R99-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.11.019","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 9 signaling mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics in murine experimental colitis","volume":"126","author":"Rachmilewitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R100-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2013.08.009","article-title":"Recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection among veterans with spinal cord injury and disorder","volume":"42","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"R101-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2013.10.003","article-title":"Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Ram\u00edrez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care"},{"key":"R102-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2011.0078","article-title":"Orocecal transit time and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in type 2 diabetes patients from North India","volume":"13","author":"Rana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"R103-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3265","article-title":"The anatomical and cellular basis of immune surveillance in the central nervous system","volume":"12","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R104-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2020-0078","article-title":"A review on preventive role of ketogenic diet (KD) in CNS disorders from the gut microbiota perspective","volume":"32","author":"Rawat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"R105-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.50","article-title":"From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness:mechanisms and pathways","volume":"21","author":"Rogers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R106-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702659","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.702659","article-title":"Gut microbiota disorders promote inflammation and aggravate spinal cord injury through the TLR4\/MyD88 signaling pathway","volume":"8","author":"Rong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"R107-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0119-x","article-title":"Microglial control of astrocytes in response to microbial metabolites","volume":"557","author":"Rothhammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R108-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4106","article-title":"Type I interferons and microbial metabolites of tryptophan modulate astrocyte activity and central nervous system inflammation via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"22","author":"Rothhammer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R109-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081673","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel in acute rehabilitation following spinal cord injury:impact of laxatives and opioids","volume":"10","author":"Round","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"R110-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.355978","article-title":"Argon preconditioning protects neuronal cells with a Toll-like receptor-mediated effect","volume":"18","author":"Scheid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"R111-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0226128","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226128","article-title":"Fecal transplant prevents gut dysbiosis and anxiety-like behaviour after spinal cord injury in rats","volume":"15","author":"Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R112-20230927","first-page":"254","article-title":"What makes a successful donor?Fecal transplant from anxious-like rats does not prevent spinal cord injury-induced dysbiosis","volume":"10","author":"Schmidt","year":"2021a","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"R113-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02123-0","article-title":"Beyond the lesion site:minocycline augments inflammation and anxiety-like behavior following SCI in rats through action on the gut microbiota","volume":"18","author":"Schmidt","year":"2021b","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R114-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3257","article-title":"Kynurenines in the mammalian brain:when physiology meets pathology","volume":"13","author":"Schwarcz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"R115-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.11.003","article-title":"Improvements in long-term survival after spinal cord injury","volume":"96","author":"Shavelle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R116-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids from gut microbiota in gut-brain communication","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"R117-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1188-4","article-title":"The gut microbiome alterations and inflammation-driven pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease-A critical review","volume":"56","author":"Sochocka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"R118-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00377","article-title":"Whole body vibration triggers a change in the mutual shaping state of intestinal microbiota and body's immunity","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"R119-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062045","article-title":"The effects of lifestyle and diet on gut microbiota composition, inflammation and muscle performance in our aging society","volume":"13","author":"Strasser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R120-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.12.047","article-title":"Clostridium butyricum pretreatment attenuates cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury in mice via anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis","volume":"613","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"R121-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2018.04.004","article-title":"Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in Parkinson's disease","volume":"45","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"R122-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0165-0","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome:molecular activation and regulation to therapeutics","volume":"19","author":"Swanson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R123-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.019","article-title":"Muscle spindle feedback directs locomotor recovery and circuit reorganization after spinal cord injury","volume":"159","author":"Takeoka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R124-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8890655","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8890655","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of acupuncture combined with mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on neural recovery after spinal cord injury:progress and prospects","volume":"2020","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"R125-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4287","article-title":"Translating microbiome futures","volume":"36","author":"Taroncher-Oldenburg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"R126-20230927","first-page":"84","article-title":"Exercise and immune system as modulators of intestinal microbiome:implications for the gut-muscle axis hypothesis","volume":"25","author":"Ticinesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exerc Immunol Rev"},{"key":"R127-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm16042","article-title":"Colonic transit time is a driven force of the gut microbiota composition and metabolism:in vitro evidence","volume":"23","author":"Tottey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"R128-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2038","article-title":"Cooperation of Toll-like receptor signals in innate immune defence","volume":"7","author":"Trinchieri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R129-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E11","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.12.FOCUS18206","article-title":"Spinal cord injury and the human microbiome:beyond the brain-gut axis","volume":"46","author":"Wallace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"R130-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01452-3","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites mediate the neuroprotective effect of melatonin in cognitive impairment induced by sleep deprivation","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"R131-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1290757","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota, fecal microbiota transplantation, and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Weingarden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"R132-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.03.008","article-title":"Brain Autoimmunity and Intestinal Microbiota:100 Trillion Game Changers","volume":"38","author":"Wekerle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"R133-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513002973","article-title":"A Lactobacillus casei Shirota probiotic drink reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in patients with spinal cord injuries:a randomised controlled trial","volume":"111","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"R134-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112797","article-title":"Targeting NLRP3 inflammasome modulates gut microbiota, attenuates corticospinal tract injury and ameliorates neurobehavioral deficits after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice","volume":"149","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"R135-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00220","article-title":"Shifts in the gut microbiota composition due to depleted bone marrow beta adrenergic signaling are associated with suppressed inflammatory transcriptional networks in the mouse colon","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"R136-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.02.047","article-title":"Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis","volume":"161","author":"Yano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R137-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3520-3","article-title":"Utilizing a low-carbohydrate\/high-protein diet to improve metabolic health in individuals with spinal cord injury (DISH):study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Yarar-Fisher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"R138-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4489","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.1955543","article-title":"Profile of gut microbiota in patients with traumatic thoracic spinal cord injury and its clinical implications:a case-control study in a rehabilitation setting","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"R139-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133125","article-title":"Whole body vibration-induced omental macrophage polarization and fecal microbiome modification in a murine model","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R140-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1735-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis in male patients with chronic traumatic complete spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2018a","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"R141-20230927","first-page":"4817","article-title":"Dysbiosis of gut microbiota is associated with serum lipid profiles in male patients with chronic traumatic cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2019a","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"R142-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2019.04.004","article-title":"Evolution of fecal microbiota transplantation in methodology and ethical issues","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2019b","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R143-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S306861","article-title":"\u201cAdjusting Internal Organs and Dredging Channel\u201delectroacupuncture ameliorates insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus by regulating the intestinal flora and inhibiting inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"R144-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12970","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1974-13.2013","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia causes chronic immune suppression after spinal cord injury","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R145-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0733-3","article-title":"Gut microbiota from NLRP3-deficient mice ameliorates depressive-like behaviors by regulating astrocyte dysfunction via circHIPK2","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019c","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"R146-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2018.06.015","article-title":"Altered gut microbiome composition in children with refractory epilepsy after ketogenic diet","volume":"145","author":"Zhang","year":"2018b","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"R147-20230927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad3369","article-title":"Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity","volume":"352","author":"Zhernakova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R148-20230927","first-page":"634","article-title":"Bacteriophage transfer during faecal microbiota transplantation in Clostridium difficile infection is associated with treatment outcome","volume":"67","author":"Zuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"}],"container-title":["Neural Regeneration Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1673-5374.380881","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:18:07Z","timestamp":1787761087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1673-5374.380881"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1673-5374.380881","relation":{},"ISSN":["1673-5374","1876-7958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1673-5374","type":"print"},{"value":"1876-7958","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]}}}