{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:03:24Z","timestamp":1787169804747,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The integrity of retinal ganglion cells is tightly associated with diabetic macular degeneration that leads to damage and death of retinal ganglion cells, affecting vision. The major clinical treatments for diabetic macular edema are anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs and laser photocoagulation. However, although the macular thickness can be normalized with each of these two therapies used alone, the vision does not improve in many patients. This might result from the incomplete recovery of retinal ganglion cell injury. Therefore, a prospective, non-randomized, controlled clinical trial was designed to investigate the effect of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs combined with laser photocoagulation on the integrity of retinal ganglion cells in patients with diabetic macular edema and its relationship with vision recovery. In this trial, 150 patients with diabetic macular edema will be equally divided into three groups according to therapeutic methods, followed by treatment with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs, laser photocoagulation therapy, and their combination. All patients will be followed up for 12 months. The primary outcome measure is retinal ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness at 12 months after treatment. The secondary outcome measures include retinal ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness before and 1, 3, 6, and 9 months after treatment, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, best-corrected visual acuity, macular area thickness, and choroidal thickness before and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after treatment. Safety measure is the incidence of adverse events at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after treatment. The study protocol hopes to validate the better efficacy and safety of the combined treatment in patients with diabetic macula compared with the other two monotherapies alone during the 12-month follow-up period. The trial is designed to focus on clarifying the time-effect relationship between imaging measures related to the integrity of retinal ganglion cells and best-corrected visual acuity. The trial protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University with approval No. (2023)(26) on April 25, 2023, and was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration number: ChiCTR2300072478, June 14, 2023, protocol version: 2.0).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.382104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T11:02:10Z","timestamp":1694257330000},"page":"923-928","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs combined with laser photocoagulation maintain retinal ganglion cell integrity in patients with diabetic macular edema: study protocol for a prospective, non-randomized, controlled clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xiangjun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3504-0101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20230909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-Sint","volume":"46","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R2-20230909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-00451-4","article-title":"Current understanding of the molecular and cellular pathology of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"17","author":"Antonetti","year":"(2021)","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"R3-20230909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2174\/157339909787314121","article-title":"Intravitreal bevacizumab for diabetic retinopathy","volume":"5","author":"Arevalo","year":"(2009)","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"R4-20230909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.5790","article-title":"DRCR Retina Network. 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