{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T09:29:01Z","timestamp":1791538141591,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disorder characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. Although current first-line therapies can help manage symptoms and slow down disease progression, there is no cure for multiple sclerosis. The gut-brain axis refers to complex communications between the gut flora and the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems, which bridges the functions of the gut and the brain. Disruptions in the gut flora, termed dysbiosis, can lead to systemic inflammation, leaky gut syndrome, and increased susceptibility to infections. The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and gut flora may play a pivotal role in regulating immune responses related to multiple sclerosis. To develop more effective therapies for multiple sclerosis, we should further uncover the disease processes involved in multiple sclerosis and gain a better understanding of the gut-brain axis. This review provides an overview of the role of the gut flora in multiple sclerosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.387974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T13:05:26Z","timestamp":1700485526000},"page":"1480-1488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Gut flora in multiple sclerosis: implications for pathogenesis and treatment"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingqin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7304-347X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kangding","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9205-5559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong-Liang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/lipd.12130","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) Ameliorated the onset and severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice","volume":"54","author":"Adkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"R2-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi6087","article-title":"Signaling inflammation across the gut-brain axis","volume":"374","author":"Agirman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R3-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.003","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulation of tryptophan metabolism in health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Agus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"R4-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.07.028","article-title":"Combination of cannabinoids, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), mitigates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by altering the gut microbiome","volume":"82","author":"Al-Ghezi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"R5-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026620666200131094445","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis dysregulates central and systemic homeostasis via suboptimal mitochondrial function: assessment, treatment and classification implications","volume":"20","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"},{"key":"R6-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5500","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215500","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: melatonin, orexin, and ceramide interact with platelet activation coagulation factors and gut-microbiome-derived butyrate in the circadian dysregulation of mitochondria in glia and immune cells","volume":"20","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R7-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1288","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00341.2012","article-title":"Critical role of gut microbiota in the production of biologically active, free catecholamines in the gut lumen of mice","volume":"303","author":"Asano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"R8-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16183","article-title":"The association between EAE development in mice and the production of autoantibodies and abzymes after immunization of mice with different antigens","volume":"25","author":"Aulova","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"R9-20260511","first-page":"486","article-title":"Probiotics drive gut microbiome triggering emotional brain signatures","volume":"9","author":"Bagga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"R10-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4068","article-title":"Commensal microbiota affects ischemic stroke outcome by regulating intestinal \u03b3\u03b4 T cells","volume":"22","author":"Benakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R11-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10554","article-title":"Commensal microbiota and myelin autoantigen cooperate to trigger autoimmune demyelination","volume":"479","author":"Berer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R12-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10719","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711233114","article-title":"Gut microbiota from multiple sclerosis patients enables spontaneous autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice","volume":"114","author":"Berer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R13-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01364-2","article-title":"Mining the microbiota to identify gut commensals modulating neuroinflammation in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Bianchimano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"R14-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-016-2245-6","article-title":"Development of Bacillus subtilis mutants to produce tryptophan in pigs","volume":"39","author":"Bjerre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol Lett"},{"key":"R15-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12645","article-title":"Diabetes and branched-chain amino acids: What is the link?","volume":"10","author":"Bloomgarden","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"R16-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh624","article-title":"Role of return migration in the emergence of multiple sclerosis in the French West Indies","volume":"128","author":"Cabre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R17-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103798","article-title":"Alterations of host-gut microbiome interactions in multiple sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Cantoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"R18-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-017-1557-x","article-title":"Layered defense: how mucus and tight junctions seal the intestinal barrier","volume":"95","author":"Capaldo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"R19-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.12.014","article-title":"Interferon gamma constrains type 2 lymphocyte niche boundaries during mixed inflammation","volume":"55","author":"Cautivo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"R20-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10713","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711235114","article-title":"Gut bacteria from multiple sclerosis patients modulate human T cells and exacerbate symptoms in mouse models","volume":"114","author":"Cekanaviciute","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R21-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326269","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulate Alzheimer's disease pathologies and cognitive disorders via PUFA-associated neuroinflammation","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"R22-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01662","article-title":"Gut microbiota interventions with clostridium butyricum and norfloxacin modulate immune response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R23-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28484","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28484","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis patients have a distinct gut microbiota compared to healthy controls","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R24-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02210","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02210-15","article-title":"Resveratrol attenuates trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)-induced atherosclerosis by regulating TMAO synthesis and bile acid metabolism via remodeling of the gut microbiota","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"R25-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121553","article-title":"Cellular model of endotoxin tolerance in astrocytes: role of interleukin 10 and oxylipins","volume":"8","author":"Chistyakov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"R26-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15055","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii and multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Cicero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R27-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.05.006","article-title":"Intermittent fasting confers protection in CNS autoimmunity by altering the gut microbiota","volume":"27","author":"Cignarella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"R28-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.373673","article-title":"Gut-microbiome-brain axis: the crosstalk between the vagus nerve, alpha-synuclein and the brain in Parkinson's disease","volume":"18","author":"Claudino Dos Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"R29-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1353843","article-title":"A bidirectional association between the gut microbiota and CNS disease in a biphasic murine model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Colpitts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"R30-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61620-7","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"372","author":"Compston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R31-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-014-0296-3","article-title":"Helminth\/Parasite treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Correale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"R32-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21067","article-title":"Association between parasite infection and immune responses in multiple sclerosis","volume":"61","author":"Correale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R33-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.01.002","article-title":"The impact of parasite infections on the course of multiple sclerosis","volume":"233","author":"Correale","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"R34-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1700492","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700492","article-title":"High frequency of intestinal T(H)17 cells correlates with microbiota alterations and disease activity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Cosorich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"R35-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26084","article-title":"Gut microbiome in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"89","author":"Cox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R36-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00284","article-title":"Modulation of TLR3\/TLR4 inflammatory signaling by the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen in glia and immune cells: relevance to therapeutic effects in multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Crowley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"R37-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication","volume":"16","author":"Dalile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R38-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.048","article-title":"Self-maintaining gut macrophages are essential for intestinal homeostasis","volume":"175","author":"De Schepper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R39-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.07.013","article-title":"Pathways underlying the gut-to-brain connection in autism spectrum disorders as future targets for disease management","volume":"1","author":"de Theije","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol 668 Suppl"},{"key":"R40-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6458","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720017115","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulates maturation of the adult enteric nervous system via enteric serotonin networks","volume":"115","author":"De Vadder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R41-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102141","article-title":"Novel therapeutics for multiple sclerosis designed by parasitic worms","volume":"18","author":"Dixit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R42-20260511","first-page":"1633","article-title":"Mitochondrial impairments in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"11","author":"Dom\u00ednguez-Mozo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"R43-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.4161\/19490976.2014.972238","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides and the enteric mucus layer act in concert to protect the intestinal mucosa","volume":"5","author":"Dupont","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"R44-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70986-z","article-title":"Bifidobacterium adolescentis as a key member of the human gut microbiota in the production of GABA","volume":"10","author":"Duranti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R45-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.025140","article-title":"Examining the role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in stroke","volume":"50","author":"Durgan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R46-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032720","article-title":"Gut microbiota changes during dimethyl fumarate treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Ferri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R47-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511398054","article-title":"Probiotic helminth administration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 1 study","volume":"17","author":"Fleming","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"R48-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-200211000-00014","article-title":"Growth stimulation of intestinal commensal Escherichia coli by catecholamines: a possible contributory factor in trauma-induced sepsis","volume":"18","author":"Freestone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"R49-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00030","article-title":"Hsp65-producing lactococcus lactis prevents inflammatory intestinal disease in mice by IL-10- and TLR2-dependent pathways","volume":"8","author":"Gomes-Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R50-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48495-5","article-title":"Latent-period stool proteomic assay of multiple sclerosis model indicates protective capacity of host-expressed protease inhibitors","volume":"9","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R51-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515604380","article-title":"Higher intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with a decreased risk of a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination: Results from the Ausimmune Study","volume":"22","author":"Hoare","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"R52-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03569-3","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation versus glucocorticoids for the induction of remission in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"R53-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994834","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1994834","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent C","volume":"13","author":"Ianiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"R54-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.08.021","article-title":"Gut microbiome of multiple sclerosis patients and paired household healthy controls reveal associations with disease risk and course","volume":"185","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R55-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12015","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12015","article-title":"Alterations of the human gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Jangi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"R56-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.04.009","article-title":"The astrocyte LAMP lights a T cell TRAIL of death","volume":"109","author":"Johann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"R57-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz012","article-title":"Gut microbiota-dependent CCR9+CD4+ T cells are altered in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"142","author":"Kadowaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R58-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0225-7","article-title":"Microbiota Transfer Therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: an open-label study","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"R59-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.355769","article-title":"Alterations in gut microbiota are related to metabolite profiles in spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"R60-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800822","article-title":"Targeted diet modification reduces multiple sclerosis-like disease in adult marmoset monkeys from an outbred colony","volume":"201","author":"Kap","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R61-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G559","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00066.2017","article-title":"Changes in intestinal microbiota composition and metabolism coincide with increased intestinal permeability in young adults under prolonged physiological stress","volume":"312","author":"Karl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"R62-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.09.012","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid prevents dendritic cell maturation, inhibits antigen-specific Th1\/Th17 differentiation and suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"25","author":"Kong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"R63-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90419-7","article-title":"High incidence of spontaneous autoimmune encephalomyelitis in immunodeficient anti-myelin basic protein T cell receptor transgenic mice","volume":"78","author":"Lafaille","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R64-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04432-7","article-title":"Clonally expanded B cells in multiple sclerosis bind EBV EBNA1 and GlialCAM","volume":"603","author":"Lanz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R65-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)90032-9","article-title":"The risk of multiple sclerosis in the U.S.A. in relation to sociogeographic features: a factor-analytic study","volume":"47","author":"Lauer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"R66-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4615","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000082107","article-title":"Proinflammatory T-cell responses to gut microbiota promote experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108 Suppl"},{"key":"R67-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.29.1.60","article-title":"Epidemiological study of multiple sclerosis in Israel","volume":"29","author":"Leibowitz","year":"1966","journal-title":"Multiple sclerosis and level of sanitation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R68-20260511","first-page":"12","article-title":"Alterations of gut microbiota diversity, composition and metabonomics in testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia rats","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"R69-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02995-z","article-title":"Constipation induced gut microbiota dysbiosis exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"R70-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105420","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in intestinal barrier function, inflammation, oxidative stress, and colonic carcinogenesis","volume":"165","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"R71-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e163239","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI163239","article-title":"Epsilon toxin-producing Clostridium perfringens colonize the multiple sclerosis gut microbiome overcoming CNS immune privilege","volume":"133","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R72-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.02.035","article-title":"Strain-dependent effects of probiotic lactobacilli on EAE autoimmunity","volume":"26","author":"Maassen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"R73-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.07.031","article-title":"Human gut-derived commensal bacteria suppress CNS inflammatory and demyelinating disease","volume":"20","author":"Mangalam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"R74-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082295","article-title":"Ergogenic effect of BCAAs and L-alanine supplementation: proof-of-concept study in a murine model of physiological exercise","volume":"12","author":"Mantuano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R75-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.14236","article-title":"What Is Multiple Sclerosis?","volume":"328","author":"Marcus","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R76-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12049","article-title":"The microbiome is essential for normal gut intrinsic primary afferent neuron excitability in the mouse","volume":"25","author":"McVey Neufeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"R77-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01374","article-title":"Manipulation of gut microbiota influences immune responses, axon preservation, and motor disability in a model of progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Mestre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R78-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1608889","article-title":"Trial of minocycline in a clinically isolated syndrome of multiple sclerosis","volume":"376","author":"Metz","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R79-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2007.41","article-title":"Combination therapy with interferon beta-1a and doxycycline in multiple sclerosis: an open-label trial","volume":"65","author":"Minagar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R80-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30028","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30028","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced perturbations in gut microbial diversity influences neuro-inflammation and amyloidosis in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"6","author":"Minter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R81-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14724","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14724","article-title":"Effect of probiotics supplementation on disease progression, depression, general health, and anthropometric measurements in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"75","author":"Mirashrafi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"R82-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.109951","article-title":"The HPA axis dysregulation in severe mental illness: Can we shift the blame to gut microbiota?","volume":"102","author":"Misiak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R83-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0137429","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137429","article-title":"Dysbiosis in the gut microbiota of patients with multiple sclerosis, with a striking depletion of species belonging to clostridia XIVa and IV clusters","volume":"10","author":"Miyake","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R84-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11978-0","article-title":"Gut microbiota confers host resistance to obesity by metabolizing dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"10","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"R85-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2634-9","article-title":"Gut microorganisms act together to exacerbate inflammation in spinal cords","volume":"585","author":"Miyauchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R86-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1611-4","article-title":"Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Morshedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R87-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158ra144","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004212","article-title":"Food-grade bacteria expressing elafin protect against inflammation and restore colon homeostasis","volume":"4","author":"Motta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"R88-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2000.102003143.x","article-title":"Effect of dietary advice and n-3 supplementation in newly diagnosed MS patients","volume":"102","author":"Nordvik","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"R89-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6041","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900747","article-title":"Role of gut commensal microflora in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"183","author":"Ochoa-Rep\u00e1raz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R90-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2010.29","article-title":"A polysaccharide from the human commensal Bacteroides fragilis protects against CNS demyelinating disease","volume":"3","author":"Ochoa-Rep\u00e1raz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"R91-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.169","article-title":"The intestinal epithelial barrier: a therapeutic target?","volume":"14","author":"Odenwald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R92-20260511","first-page":"CD004192","article-title":"Dietary interventions for multiple sclerosis-related outcomes","volume":"5","author":"Parks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R93-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18646","article-title":"Human gut microbes impact host serum metabolome and insulin sensitivity","volume":"535","author":"Pedersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R94-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1856-5","article-title":"Interplay among gut microbiota, intestinal mucosal barrier and enteric neuro-immune system: a common path to neurodegenerative diseases?","volume":"136","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"R95-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8494572","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8494572","article-title":"Helminth products potently modulate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by downregulating neuroinflammation and promoting a suppressive microenvironment","volume":"2017","author":"Pe\u00f3n","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"R96-20260511","first-page":"1707","article-title":"Gut microbiota neurotransmitters: influence on risk and outcome of ischemic stroke","volume":"18","author":"Pluta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"R97-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51004","article-title":"Gut microbiome variation is associated to multiple sclerosis phenotypic subtypes","volume":"7","author":"Reynders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"R98-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2021.108765","article-title":"Diets enriched in PUFAs at an early postimplantation stage prevent embryo resorptions and impaired mTOR signaling in the decidua from diabetic rats","volume":"95","author":"Roberti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"R99-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2016.05.006","article-title":"Structural and functional changes within the gut microbiota and susceptibility to Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"41","author":"Ross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"R100-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0119-x","article-title":"Microglial control of astrocytes in response to microbial metabolites","volume":"557","author":"Rothhammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R101-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00011","article-title":"oral multiple sclerosis drugs inhibit the in vitro growth of epsilon toxin producing gut bacterium, clostridium perfringens","volume":"7","author":"Rumah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"R102-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604179","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.604179","article-title":"The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology","volume":"11","author":"Rutsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R103-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.00-0359fje","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of sodium butyrate on human monocytes: potent inhibition of IL-12 and up-regulation of IL-10 production","volume":"14","author":"S\u00e4emann","year":"2000","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"R104-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.04.005","article-title":"Supplementation with a probiotic mixture accelerates gut microbiome maturation and reduces intestinal inflammation in extremely preterm infants","volume":"30","author":"Samara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"R105-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-018-0266-7","article-title":"Antibiotics protect against EAE by increasing regulatory and anti-inflammatory cells","volume":"33","author":"Seifert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"R106-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32811ec044","article-title":"Prokinetic effect of alpha-adrenergic antagonist, and beta-adrenergic antagonist on gall-bladder motility in humans with gall-stone disease","volume":"19","author":"Sengupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R107-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010222","article-title":"Effects of synbiotic supplement on human gut microbiota, body composition and weight loss in obesity","volume":"12","author":"Sergeev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R108-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxg012","article-title":"Immunomodulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by helminth ova immunization","volume":"15","author":"Sewell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"R109-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-016-0312-5","article-title":"The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on central nervous system remyelination in fat-1 mice","volume":"18","author":"Siegert","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"R110-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7428","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1114-16.2016","article-title":"Microbiota dysbiosis controls the neuroinflammatory response after stroke","volume":"36","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R111-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15092","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.15092","article-title":"Exercise promotes the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through the action of the ketone body \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate","volume":"5","author":"Sleiman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"R112-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2020.101963","article-title":"Activation of endothelial Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling by protective astrocytes repairs BBB damage in ischemic stroke","volume":"199","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"R113-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13349","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13349","article-title":"Altered gastrointestinal motility involving autoantibodies in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Spear","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"R114-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e997","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000997","article-title":"Perturbed microbiota\/immune homeostasis in multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Sterlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"R115-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1259","article-title":"Hay fever, hygiene, and household size","volume":"299","author":"Strachan","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R116-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.10.043","article-title":"Gastrointestinal hormones and food intake","volume":"128","author":"Strader","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R117-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00404-2","article-title":"The role of farnesoid X receptor in metabolic diseases, and gastrointestinal and liver cancer","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R118-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01141","article-title":"Reduced mass and diversity of the colonic microbiome in patients with multiple sclerosis and their improvement with ketogenic diet","volume":"8","author":"Swidsinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"R119-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00838-3","article-title":"Targeting the TCA cycle can ameliorate widespread axonal energy deficiency in neuroinflammatory lesions","volume":"5","author":"Tai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"R120-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22402","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2011703117","article-title":"Alterations of the gut ecological and functional microenvironment in different stages of multiple sclerosis","volume":"117","author":"Takewaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R121-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517737390","article-title":"Investigation of probiotics in multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Tankou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"R122-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25244","article-title":"A probiotic modulates the microbiome and immunity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"83","author":"Tankou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R123-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20820","article-title":"Infectious mononucleosis and risk for multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Thacker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R124-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00170-8","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis under the spotlight","volume":"20","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R125-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160510","article-title":"Introduction to the human gut microbiota","volume":"474","author":"Thursby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"R126-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1019","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2","volume":"61","author":"Tolhurst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"R127-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030732","article-title":"The role of gut bacterial metabolites in brain development, aging and disease","volume":"13","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R128-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13026","article-title":"Gut microbiota in early pediatric multiple sclerosis: a case-control study","volume":"23","author":"Tremlett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R129-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84881-8","article-title":"Associations of serum short-chain fatty acids with circulating immune cells and serum biomarkers in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Trend","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R130-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.12.003","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) induces peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"256","author":"Unoda","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"R131-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2023.578087","article-title":"The role of multiple sclerosis therapies on the dynamic of human gut microbiota","volume":"378","author":"Vacaras","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"R132-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13543","article-title":"The efficacy of probiotics in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (an animal model for MS): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Valizadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"R133-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01081","article-title":"Modulation of multiple sclerosis and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by food and gut microbiota","volume":"8","author":"van den Hoogen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R134-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0306-7","article-title":"Unraveling the Hygiene Hypothesis of helminthes and autoimmunity: origins, pathophysiology, and clinical applications","volume":"13","author":"Versini","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"R135-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-007-0413-7","article-title":"Vagal innervation of intestines: afferent pathways mapped with new en bloc horseradish peroxidase adaptation","volume":"329","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"R136-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.019","article-title":"Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status","volume":"184","author":"Wastyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R137-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.3.1416","article-title":"IFN-gamma determines distinct clinical outcomes in autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"174","author":"Wensky","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R138-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1742-6","article-title":"The enteric nervous system is a potential autoimmune target in multiple sclerosis","volume":"134","author":"Wunsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"R139-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36600-z","article-title":"Characterization of sulfur-compound metabolism underlying wax-ester fermentation in Euglena gracilis","volume":"9","author":"Yamada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R140-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11053","article-title":"Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography","volume":"486","author":"Yatsunenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R141-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.080622","article-title":"NKT cell-dependent amelioration of a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by altering gut flora","volume":"173","author":"Yokote","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"R142-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5466","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15951","article-title":"Policosanol alleviates hepatic lipid accumulation by regulating bile acids metabolism in C57BL6\/mice through AMPK-FXR-TGR5 cross-talk","volume":"86","author":"Zhai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"key":"R143-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.05.002","article-title":"Gut microbes impact stroke severity via the trimethylamine N-oxide pathway","volume":"29","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"R144-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0061-2","article-title":"You are what you eat: diet, health and the gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Zmora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R145-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.08.041","article-title":"Personalized gut mucosal colonization resistance to empiric probiotics is associated with unique host and microbiome features","volume":"174","author":"Zmora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R146-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0003-z","article-title":"Urbanization and the gut microbiota in health and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Zuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Neural Regeneration Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1673-5374.387974","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:28:28Z","timestamp":1786724908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1673-5374.387974"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1673-5374.387974","relation":{},"ISSN":["1673-5374","1876-7958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1673-5374","type":"print"},{"value":"1876-7958","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-07-04","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-25","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}