{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:02:47Z","timestamp":1792638167356,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The glucagon-like peptide 1 is a pleiotropic hormone that has potent insulinotropic effects and is key in treating metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Glucagon-like peptide 1 exerts its effects by activating a membrane receptor identified in many tissues, including different brain regions. Glucagon-like peptide 1 activates several signaling pathways related to neuroprotection, like the support of cell growth\/survival, enhancement promotion of synapse formation, autophagy, and inhibition of the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, microglial activation, and apoptosis during neural morphogenesis. The glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia, maintain metabolic homeostasis and defense against pathogens in the central nervous system. After brain insult, microglia are the first cells to respond, followed by reactive astrocytosis. These activated cells produce proinflammatory mediators like cytokines or chemokines to react to the insult. Furthermore, under these circumstances, microglia can become chronically inflammatory by losing their homeostatic molecular signature and, consequently, their functions during many diseases. Several processes promote the development of neurological disorders and influence their pathological evolution: like the formation of protein aggregates, the accumulation of abnormally modified cellular constituents, the formation and release by injured neurons or synapses of molecules that can dampen neural function, and, of critical importance, the dysregulation of inflammatory control mechanisms. The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist emerges as a critical tool in treating brain-related inflammatory pathologies, restoring brain cell homeostasis under inflammatory conditions, modulating microglia activity, and decreasing the inflammatory response. This review summarizes recent advances linked to the anti-inflammatory properties of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activation in the brain related to multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, vascular dementia, or chronic migraine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.389626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,16]],"date-time":"2023-12-16T14:00:36Z","timestamp":1702735236000},"page":"1671-1677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activation: anti-inflammatory effects in the brain"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5365-7178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda","family":"Diz-Chaves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Laboratory of Endocrinology, University of Vigo, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Maastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Laboratory of Endocrinology, University of Vigo, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Spuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital \u00c1lvaro Cunqueiro, Sala Investigaci\u00f3n, Estrada Clara Campoamor, Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Lamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Laboratory of Neuroscience, University of Vigo, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas C.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mat\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Laboratory of Endocrinology, University of Vigo, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Mallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Laboratory of Endocrinology, University of Vigo, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-022-00956-6","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of liraglutide in an experimental mouse model of multiple sclerosis: role of AMPK\/SIRT1 signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"30","author":"Ammar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"R2-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2204601","article-title":"Once-weekly dulaglutide for the treatment of youths with type 2 diabetes","volume":"387","author":"Arslanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R3-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14309-w","article-title":"Super-resolution microscopy-compatible fluorescent probes reveal endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor distribution and dynamics","volume":"11","author":"Ast","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"R4-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1159\/000444527","article-title":"Short-term high-fat diet feeding provides hypothalamic but not hippocampal protection against acute infection in male mice","volume":"104","author":"Astiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"R5-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI68295","article-title":"Exenatide and the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"123","author":"Aviles-Olmos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R6-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12477","article-title":"Inflammasome activation in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)","volume":"27","author":"Barclay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"R7-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15461564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.07.006","article-title":"Astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation shapes brain activity","volume":"33","author":"Bonvento","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"R8-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00344-4","article-title":"Central and peripheral GLP-1 systems independently suppress eating","volume":"3","author":"Brierley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"R9-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0057-5","article-title":"Microglial signatures and their role in health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Butovsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"R10-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210256","article-title":"A GLP-1\/GIP dual receptor agonist DA4-JC effectively attenuates cognitive impairment and pathology in the APP\/PS1\/Tau model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"83","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"R11-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-015-0301-8","article-title":"Novel GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) analogues and insulin in the treatment for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"29","author":"Calsolaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"R12-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.134.5.8156917","article-title":"Divergent tissue-specific and developmental expression of receptors for glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 in the mouse","volume":"134","author":"Campos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"R13-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-021-00879-1","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of liraglutide against inflammation through the AMPK\/NF-\u03baB pathway in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"37","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"R14-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000548","article-title":"A novel dual GLP-1 and GIP incretin receptor agonist is neuroprotective in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease by reducing chronic inflammation in the brain","volume":"27","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"R15-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741923","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.741923","article-title":"Liraglutide reduces vascular damage, neuronal loss, and cognitive impairment in a mixed murine model of Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Carranza-Naval","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R16-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E62","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00067.2010","article-title":"Role of N-linked glycosylation in biosynthesis, trafficking, and function of the human glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor","volume":"299","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R17-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071584","article-title":"Dulaglutide modulates the development of tissue-infiltrating Th1\/Th17 cells and the pathogenicity of encephalitogenic Th1 cells in the central nervous system","volume":"20","author":"Chiou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R18-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1774149","article-title":"Synucleinphagy: a microglial \u201ccommunity cleanup program\u201d for neuroprotection","volume":"16","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"R19-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.08.025","article-title":"Fc\u03b3RIIB mediates the inhibitory effect of aggregated \u03b1-synuclein on microglial phagocytosis","volume":"83","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"R20-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2021.111473","article-title":"Role of glial cells in the generation of sex differences in neurodegenerative diseases and brain aging","volume":"196","author":"Chowen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"R21-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0118-x","article-title":"Emerging hormonal-based combination pharmacotherapies for the treatment of metabolic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Clemmensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"R22-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-022-00558-9","article-title":"Impaired insulin signalling and allostatic load in Alzheimer disease","volume":"23","author":"De Felice","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"R23-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1295","article-title":"Antiobesity efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide is associated with peripheral tissue-specific modulation of lipid metabolic regulators","volume":"42","author":"Decara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"R24-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00433","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, liraglutide, delays onset of experimental autoimmune encephalitis in lewis rats","volume":"7","author":"DellaValle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"R25-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3871","article-title":"Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Dendrou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R26-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13607","article-title":"Neuroinflammation: the devil is in the details","volume":"2","author":"DiSabato","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurochem 139 Suppl"},{"key":"R27-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1370-7","article-title":"The GLP-1 analog, liraglutide prevents the increase of proinflammatory mediators in the hippocampus of male rat pups submitted to maternal perinatal food restriction","volume":"15","author":"Diz-Chaves","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R28-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2021.12.005","article-title":"Effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs in the hippocampus","volume":"118","author":"Diz-Chaves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vitam Horm"},{"key":"R29-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9583","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179583","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of GLP-1 receptor activation in the brain in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"23","author":"Diz-Chaves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R30-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)67561-1","article-title":"Cell-specific posttranslational processing of preproglucagon expressed from a metallothionein-glucagon fusion gene","volume":"261","author":"Drucker","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R31-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.06.009","article-title":"The cardiovascular biology of glucagon-like peptide-1","volume":"24","author":"Drucker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"R32-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.001","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and therapeutic application of glucagon-like peptide-1","volume":"27","author":"Drucker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"R33-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160727","article-title":"Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion: a key mechanism leading to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Closing the translational gap between rodent models and human vascular cognitive impairment and dementia","volume":"131","author":"Duncombe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"R34-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.229","article-title":"GLP-1 (9-36) amide, cleavage product of GLP-1 (7-36) amide, is a glucoregulatory peptide","volume":"16","author":"Elahi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"R35-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2016.00072","article-title":"Microglia ontology and signaling","volume":"4","author":"ElAli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"R36-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18091","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74912-1","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonist ameliorates experimental lung fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Fandi\u00f1o","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R37-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14694","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of an engineered commensal bacterium in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine Parkinson disease mouse model via producing glucagon-like peptide-1","volume":"150","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"R38-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3259-x","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of the novel GLP-1 analogue liraglutide in Alzheimer's disease: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (ELAD study)","volume":"20","author":"Femminella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"R39-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.02.012","article-title":"Two novel dual GLP-1\/GIP receptor agonists are neuroprotective in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"133","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"R40-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12959","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12959","article-title":"Brain insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 and glucagon-like peptide 1 signalling in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"33","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"R41-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00108","article-title":"In Alzheimer's disease, 6-month treatment with GLP-1 analog prevents the decline of brain glucose metabolism: Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"Gejl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R42-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01088-5","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of a novel glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, NLY01, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"18","author":"Gharagozloo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"R43-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1718","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing hormone and the sympathoadrenal system are major mediators in the effects of peripherally administered exendin-4 on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of male rats","volume":"155","author":"Gil-Lozano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"R44-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0227-8","article-title":"Neuroinflammation \u2014 a common thread in neurological disorders","volume":"15","author":"Gilhus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"R45-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01944-9","article-title":"Role of inflammasomes in multiple sclerosis and their potential as therapeutic targets","volume":"17","author":"Govindarajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R46-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01112","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1: a focus on neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"13","author":"Grieco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"R47-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-022-03853-0","article-title":"Dulaglutide improves gliosis and suppresses apoptosis\/autophagy through the PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR signaling pathway in vascular dementia rats","volume":"48","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"R48-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1957","article-title":"Astrocytes from familial and sporadic ALS patients are toxic to motor neurons","volume":"29","author":"Haidet-Phillips","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"R49-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109163","article-title":"The gut microbiota regulates hypothalamic inflammation and leptin sensitivity in western diet-fed mice via a GLP-1R-dependent mechanism","volume":"35","author":"Heiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"R50-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0242-x","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegeneration","volume":"21","author":"Hickman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"R51-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.01.040","article-title":"Novel dual GLP-1\/GIP receptor agonists show neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease models","volume":"136","author":"H\u00f6lscher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"R52-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.08.023","article-title":"New roles for insulin-like hormones in neuronal signalling and protection: new hopes for novel treatments of Alzheimer's disease?","volume":"31","author":"H\u00f6lscher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"R53-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2019.tb00092.x","article-title":"Physiology of the incretin hormones, GIP and GLP-1-regulation of release and posttranslational modifications","volume":"9","author":"Holst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"R54-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-0729","article-title":"Preproglucagon neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract are the main source of brain GLP-1, mediate stress-induced hypophagia, and limit unusually large intakes of food","volume":"68","author":"Holt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"R55-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.1.5","article-title":"Epac: a new cAMP-binding protein in support of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-mediated signal transduction in the pancreatic beta-cell","volume":"53","author":"Holz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"R56-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.06.002","article-title":"Tanycytes control hypothalamic liraglutide uptake and its anti-obesity actions","volume":"34","author":"Imbernon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"R57-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13529","article-title":"CGRP and the trigeminal system in migraine","volume":"59","author":"Iyengar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"R58-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858418783959","article-title":"Microglia-astrocyte crosstalk: an intimate molecular conversation","volume":"25","author":"Jha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"R59-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01302-x","article-title":"Activation of microglial GLP-1R in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis suppresses central sensitization of chronic migraine after recurrent nitroglycerin stimulation","volume":"22","author":"Jing","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"R60-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15497","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of GLP-1 receptor biased agonism","volume":"179","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"R61-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2022.167927","article-title":"Targeting G protein-coupled receptors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease","volume":"435","author":"Jones-Tabah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"R62-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0100","article-title":"GLP-1 secretion is increased by inflammatory stimuli in an IL-6\u2013dependent manner, leading to hyperinsulinemia and blood glucose lowering","volume":"63","author":"Kahles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"R63-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105028","article-title":"Microglia and astrocyte dysfunction in Parkinson's disease","volume":"144","author":"Kam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"R64-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00269-y","article-title":"Alzheimer disease","volume":"7","author":"Knopman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"R65-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00155","article-title":"The discovery and development of liraglutide and semaglutide","volume":"10","author":"Knudsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"R66-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.332122","article-title":"Parkinson's disease and diabetes mellitus: common mechanisms and treatment repurposing","volume":"17","author":"Labandeira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"R67-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13575","article-title":"Improvement of islet graft function using liraglutide is correlated with its anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"173","author":"Langlois","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"R68-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0550-2","article-title":"Activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor promotes neuroprotection in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by reducing neuroinflammatory responses","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"R69-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3094642","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3094642","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of GLP-1-based therapies beyond glucose control","volume":"2016","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"R70-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00435-y","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer's disease: where do we go from here?","volume":"17","author":"Leng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"R71-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51580","article-title":"Alterations in metabolic biomarkers and their potential role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"R72-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02208-9","article-title":"Systemic GLP-1R agonist treatment reverses mouse glial and neurovascular cell transcriptomic aging signatures in a genome-wide manner","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"R73-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R74-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.02.023","article-title":"Preproglucagon neurons project widely to autonomic control areas in the mouse brain","volume":"180","author":"Llewellyn-Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"R75-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-012-8199-5","article-title":"The diabetes drug liraglutide ameliorates aberrant insulin receptor localization and signalling in parallel with decreasing both amyloid-\u03b2 plaque and glial pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"15","author":"Long-Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med"},{"key":"R76-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2231","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2231","article-title":"The GLP-1\/GIP dual-receptor agonist DA5-CH inhibits the NF-\u03baB inflammatory pathway in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease more effectively than the GLP-1 single-receptor agonist NLY01","volume":"11","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"R77-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2020.101890","article-title":"Ferroptosis and its potential role in the physiopathology of Parkinson's disease","volume":"196","author":"Mahoney-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"R78-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533317520953041","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317520953041","article-title":"The dual GLP-1\/GIP receptor agonist DA4-JC shows superior protective properties compared to the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide in the APP\/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"35","author":"Maskery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"},{"key":"R79-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.07.024","article-title":"Prophylactic liraglutide treatment prevents amyloid plaque deposition, chronic inflammation, and memory impairment in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"293","author":"McClean","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"R80-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa032","article-title":"Revisiting the complexity of GLP-1 action from sites of synthesis to receptor activation","volume":"42","author":"McLean","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"R81-20260508","first-page":"84","article-title":"Sex differences in movement disorders","volume":"16","author":"Meoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meoni S, Macerollo A, Moro E 2020"},{"key":"R82-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.117.014803","article-title":"Anti-obesity therapy: from rainbow pills to polyagonists","volume":"70","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"R83-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.09.010","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)","volume":"30","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"R84-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16151","article-title":"AMPK in the brain: its roles in glucose and neural metabolism","volume":"289","author":"Muraleedharan","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"R85-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2015.08.026","article-title":"New screening strategy and analysis for identification of allosteric modulators for glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor using GLP-1 (9-36) amide","volume":"491","author":"Nakane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"R86-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0903","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharides-mediated increase in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion: involvement of the GLP-1 pathway","volume":"63","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"R87-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01792-4","article-title":"Incretin and insulin signaling as novel therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease","volume":"28","author":"Nowell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R88-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20182191","article-title":"Fyn kinase regulates misfolded \u03b1-synuclein uptake and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia","volume":"216","author":"Panicker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R89-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-021-01180-z","article-title":"Blocking microglial activation of reactive astrocytes is neuroprotective in models of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"R90-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.08.013","article-title":"AMPK activation: Role in the signaling pathways of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration","volume":"298","author":"Peixoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"R91-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00269","article-title":"Dynamic responses of microglia in animal models of multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Plastini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"R92-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.68974","article-title":"Activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor in microglia attenuates neuroinflammation-induced glial scarring via rescuing Arf and Rho GAP adapter protein 3 expressions after nerve injury","volume":"18","author":"Qian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"R93-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1401483","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"378","author":"Reich","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R94-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970925","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.970925","article-title":"The neuroprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease: an in-depth review","volume":"16","author":"Reich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"R95-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2565","article-title":"Regulation of innate immune responses in the brain","volume":"9","author":"Rivest","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R96-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3559","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1685","article-title":"Activation of the GLP-1 receptor by liraglutide increases ACE2 expression, reversing right ventricle hypertrophy, and improving the production of SP-A and SP-B in the lungs of type 1 diabetes rats","volume":"156","author":"Roman\u00ed-P\u00e9rez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"R97-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.724447","article-title":"Editorial: neuroinflammation and the visual system","volume":"12","author":"Rossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R98-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647","article-title":"Semaglutide, a novel glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist, amends experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced multiple sclerosis in mice: involvement of the PI3K\/Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2 pathway","volume":"115","author":"Sadek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"R99-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107813","article-title":"Neuroprotective and restorative properties of the GLP-1\/GIP dual agonist DA-JC1 compared with a GLP-1 single agonist in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"162","author":"Salles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"R100-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.03.032","article-title":"A novel dual GLP-1\/GIP receptor agonist alleviates cognitive decline by re-sensitizing insulin signaling in the Alzheimer's icv. STZ rat model","volume":"327","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"R101-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.13","article-title":"The far-reaching scope of neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Simon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"R102-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-022-00914-3","article-title":"Activation of arcuate nucleus glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-expressing neurons suppresses food intake","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"R103-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00181","article-title":"The central GLP-1: implications for food and drug reward","volume":"7","author":"Skibicka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"R104-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2022.106022","article-title":"A comparative transcriptomic analysis of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor- and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide-expressing cells in the hypothalamus","volume":"174","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"R105-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00063","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome in neurological diseases, from functions to therapies","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"R106-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13791","article-title":"Liraglutide attenuates central nervous inflammation and demyelination through AMPK and pyroptosis-related NLRP3 pathway","volume":"28","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"R107-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.10.012","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of a triple GLP-1\/GIP\/glucagon receptor agonist in the APP\/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"1678","author":"Tai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"R108-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51880-9","article-title":"A unique olfactory bulb microcircuit driven by neurons expressing the precursor to glucagon-like peptide 1","volume":"9","author":"Thiebaud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R109-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2022.102550","article-title":"A closer look at astrocyte morphology: Development, heterogeneity, and plasticity at astrocyte leaflets","volume":"74","author":"Torres-Ceja","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"R110-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042018821997320","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018821997320","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists: an updated review of head-to-head clinical studies","volume":"12","author":"Trujillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R111-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c00029","article-title":"Discovery of an orally efficacious positive allosteric modulator of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor","volume":"64","author":"Willard","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"R112-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12991","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.721977","article-title":"Structural determinants of binding the seventransmembrane domain of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R)","volume":"291","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R113-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113236","article-title":"Application of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor antagonists in fibrotic diseases","volume":"52","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"R114-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.06.029","article-title":"A novel GLP-1\/GIP dual agonist is more effective than liraglutide in reducing inflammation and enhancing GDNF release in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"812","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"R115-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4886","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224886","article-title":"Neurotrophic role of the next-generation probiotic strain L. lactis MG1363-pMG36e-GLP-1 on Parkinson's disease via inhibiting ferroptosis","volume":"14","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R116-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0051-5","article-title":"Block of A1 astrocyte conversion by microglia is neuroprotective in models of Parkinson's disease","volume":"24","author":"Yun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R117-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5399","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI121901","article-title":"TLR-stimulated IRAKM activates caspase-8 inflammasome in microglia and promotes neuroinflammation","volume":"128","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R118-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2018.07.003","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of the novel GLP-1 long acting analogue semaglutide in the MPTP Parkinson's disease mouse model","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"R119-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181503","article-title":"Semaglutide is neuroprotective and reduces \u03b1-synuclein levels in the chronic MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"R120-20260508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428817","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1428817","article-title":"DA5-CH and semaglutide protect against neurodegeneration and reduce \u03b1-synuclein levels in the 6-OHDA Parkinson's disease rat model","volume":"2022","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"}],"container-title":["Neural Regeneration Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1673-5374.389626","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:50:12Z","timestamp":1787773812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/1673-5374.389626"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1673-5374.389626","relation":{},"ISSN":["1673-5374","1876-7958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1673-5374","type":"print"},{"value":"1876-7958","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-01-16","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-14","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}