{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T20:41:02Z","timestamp":1786653662272,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This comprehensive review explores the intricate relationship between nutrition, the gut microbiome, steroid hormones, and Parkinson\u2019s disease within the context of the gut-brain axis. The gut-brain axis plays a pivotal role in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson\u2019s disease, encompassing diverse components such as the gut microbiota, immune system, metabolism, and neural pathways. The gut microbiome, profoundly influenced by dietary factors, emerges as a key player. Nutrition during the first 1000 days of life shapes the gut microbiota composition, influencing immune responses and impacting both child development and adult health. High-fat, high-sugar diets can disrupt this delicate balance, contributing to inflammation and immune dysfunction. Exploring nutritional strategies, the Mediterranean diet\u2019s anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties show promise in reducing Parkinson\u2019s disease risk. Microbiome-targeted dietary approaches and the ketogenic diet hold the potential in improving brain disorders. Beyond nutrition, emerging research uncovers potential interactions between steroid hormones, nutrition, and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Progesterone, with its anti-inflammatory properties and presence in the nervous system, offers a novel option for Parkinson\u2019s disease therapy. Its ability to enhance neuroprotection within the enteric nervous system presents exciting prospects. The review addresses the hypothesis that \u03b1-synuclein aggregates originate from the gut and may enter the brain via the vagus nerve. Gastrointestinal symptoms preceding motor symptoms support this hypothesis. Dysfunctional gut-brain signaling during gut dysbiosis contributes to inflammation and neurotransmitter imbalances, emphasizing the potential of microbiota-based interventions. In summary, this review uncovers the complex web of interactions between nutrition, the gut microbiome, steroid hormones, and Parkinson\u2019s disease within the gut-brain axis framework. Understanding these connections not only offers novel therapeutic insights but also illuminates the origins of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.391304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T03:04:03Z","timestamp":1703214243000},"page":"2219-2228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Unraveling the gut-brain axis: the impact of steroid hormones and nutrition on Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Paula Maria","family":"Neufeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf A.","family":"Nettersheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Matschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Vorgerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Stahlke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7983-0143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Theiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-018-0321-z","article-title":"Towards an individualized nutrition treatment: role of the gastrointestinal microbiome in the interplay between diet and obesity","volume":"7","author":"Adalsteinsdottir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"key":"R2-20260504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108327","article-title":"Post-ischemic stroke systemic inflammation: immunomodulation by 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