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Long and short term exposure to air suspended toxicants has a different toxicological impact on human including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric complications, the eyes irritation, skin diseases, and long-term chronic diseases such as cancer. Several reports have revealed the direct association between exposure to the poor air quality and increasing rate of morbidity and mortality mostly due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Air pollution is considered as the major environmental risk factor in the incidence and progression of some diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, ventricular hypertrophy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, psychological complications, autism, retinopathy, fetal growth, and low birth weight. In this review article, we aimed to discuss toxicology of major air pollutants, sources of emission, and their impact on human health. We have also proposed practical measures to reduce air pollution in Iran.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-1995.189646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T06:21:13Z","timestamp":1472710873000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":489,"title":["Effects of air pollution on human health and practical measures for prevention in Iran"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Adel","family":"Ghorani-Azam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Toxicology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bamdad","family":"Riahi-Zanjani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Toxicology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Balali-Mood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Toxicology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1071\/HE05213","article-title":"Air pollution in Australia: Review of costs, sources and potential solutions","volume":"16","author":"Robinson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Promot J Austr"},{"key":"R2-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2013.74","article-title":"Sources of indoor air pollution in New York city residences of asthmatic children","volume":"24","author":"Habre","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"R3-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-336X-12-23","article-title":"A retrospective approach to assess human health risks associated with growing air pollution in urbanized area of Thar Desert, Western Rajasthan, India","volume":"12","author":"Rumana","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Environ Health Sci Eng"},{"key":"R4-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.08.003","article-title":"A systematic review of air pollution as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in South Asia: Limited evidence from India and Pakistan","volume":"217","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"R5-20250827","first-page":"173","article-title":"Air pollution: A smoking gun for cancer","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin J Cancer"},{"key":"R6-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.02.012","article-title":"Atherosclerotic process in taxi drivers occupationally exposed to air pollution and co-morbidities","volume":"131","author":"Brucker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"4-5 Suppl","key":"R7-20250827","first-page":"4","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the Italian studies on short-term effects of air pollution \u2013 MISA 1996-2002","volume":"28","author":"Biggeri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiol Prev"},{"key":"R8-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2013.05.003","article-title":"Exposing a deadly alliance: Novel insights into the biological links between COPD and lung cancer","volume":"26","author":"Vermaelen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R9-20250827","first-page":"17","article-title":"Part 1. 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