{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:19:53Z","timestamp":1787840393635,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Identification of children with specific language impairment (SLI) has been viewed as both necessity and challenge. Investigators and clinicians use different tests and measures for this purpose. Some of these tests\/measures have good psychometric properties, but it is not sufficient for diagnostic purposes. A diagnostic procedure can be used for identification a specific population with confidence only when its sensitivity and specificity are acceptable. In this study, we searched for tests\/measures with predefined sensitivity and specificity for identification of preschool children with SLI from their typically developing peers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A computerized search in bibliographic databases from 2000 to August 2015 was performed with the following keywords: \u201cspecific language impairment\u201d or SLI\u201d and \u201cprimary language impairment\u201d or \u2018PLI\u2019 with at least one of the followings: \u201cdiagnosis,\u201d \u201cidentification,\u201d \u201caccuracy,\u201d \u201csensitivity,\u201d and \u201cspecificity.\u201d In addition, the related citations and reference lists of the selected articles were considered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of reviewing 23 included studies show that the index measures used in studies vary in accuracy with the sensitivity ranging from 16% to 100% and the specificity ranging from 14% to 100%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These varieties in sensitivity and specificity of different tests\/measures confirm the necessity of attention to the diagnostic power of tests\/measures before their use as diagnostic tool. Further, the results indicate there are some promising tests\/measures that the available evidence supports their performances in the diagnosis of SLI in preschool-aged children, yet the place of a reference standard for the diagnosis of SLI is vacant among investigations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-1995.189648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T06:21:13Z","timestamp":1472710873000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A systematic review on diagnostic procedures for specific language impairment: The sensitivity and specificity issues"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Toktam Maleki","family":"Shahmahmood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Speech Therapy, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohreh","family":"Jalaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Soleymani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Haresabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech Therapy, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parvin","family":"Nemati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2010\/09-0196)","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of French language and processing measures for the identification of primary language impairment at age 5","volume":"54","author":"Thordardottir","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"R3-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4006.1245","article-title":"Prevalence of specific language impairment in kindergarten children","volume":"40","author":"Tomblin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"R4-20250827","first-page":"25","article-title":"A comparison study in test of language development (TOLD) and speech samples between children with specific language impairment and their MLU matched group","volume":"2","author":"Maleki Shahmahmood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mod Rehabil"},{"key":"R5-20250827","first-page":"11","article-title":"The study of language performances of Persian children with specific language impairment","volume":"20","author":"Maleki Shahmahmood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Audiology"},{"key":"R6-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22432","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022432","article-title":"An investigation to validate the grammar and phonology screening (GAPS) test to identify children with specific language impairment","volume":"6","author":"van der Lely","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R7-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219410369078","article-title":"Assessing component language deficits in the early detection of reading difficulty risk","volume":"43","author":"van der Lely","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"R8-20250827","first-page":"1","article-title":"Methods for identification of specific language impairment","volume":"23","author":"Maleki Shahmahmood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Audiology"},{"key":"R9-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3906.1284","article-title":"A system for the diagnosis of specific language impairment in kindergarten children","volume":"39","author":"Tomblin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Res"},{"key":"R10-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2006\/007)","article-title":"Eligibility criteria for language impairment: Is the low end of normal always appropriate?","volume":"37","author":"Spaulding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch"},{"key":"R11-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7336.539","article-title":"Evidence base of clinical diagnosis; 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