{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:19:16Z","timestamp":1792271956514,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Imaging of the kidneys and urinary tract has a significant and critical role for diagnosis of genitourinary system diseases. Although technological progress goes toward less invasive approaches, some of the current methods are still invasive and annoying. Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) is the best and most accurate method for diagnosis and grading of vesicoureteral reflux. VCUG is a distressful procedure that gives serious anxiety and pain in a large proportion of children and fear for parents; therefore, using effective sedative drugs with the least side effects is necessary and should be considered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this review article, importance and efficacy of different drugs before catheterization VCUG be compared in the base of literature survey on EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane source.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that the treatment should be based on nonpharmacological and pharmacological methods; nonpharmacological treatment includes the psychological preparation before procedures as a safety precaution with little or no risk modality, as well as reassuring support. The presence of parents during painful procedures cannot alleviate children distress. Pharmacological methods include oral midazolam (0.5 mg\/kg) and intranasal use (0.2 mg\/kg) that had been used 10 min before the procedure can effect on anterograde amnesia and sedation without considerable effect on accuracy and grade of reflux. Nitric oxide has a shorter recovery time versus midazolam but has a potential risk for deep sedation and may interfere with the child's voiding phase.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In summary, oral midazolam of 0.5\u20130.6 mg\/kg or 0.2 mg\/kg intranasal is acceptable drug that can be used before VCUG.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-1995.202139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]],"date-time":"2017-03-15T04:55:24Z","timestamp":1489553724000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Use of sedative drugs at reducing the side effects of voiding cystourethrography in children"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Anahita","family":"Alizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Toxicology, Imam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Naseri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalda","family":"Ravanshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahabaddin","family":"Sorouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malihe","family":"Banihassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoush","family":"Azarfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Nephrology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1233","article-title":"Much pain, little gain from voiding cystourethrogram after urinary tract infection","volume":"120","author":"Garin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R2-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0b013e3281ddb2db","article-title":"Role of prophylaxis in vesicoureteral reflux","volume":"17","author":"Faust","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Urol"},{"key":"R3-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1512","article-title":"Much pain, little gain from voiding cystourethrograms after urinary tract infection","volume":"118","author":"Newman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R4-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2006.06580.x","article-title":"Correlation between ultrasonographic bladder measurements and urodynamic findings in children with recurrent urinary tract infection","volume":"99","author":"Yeung","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"R5-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.03.031","article-title":"Identification of filling versus voiding reflux as predictor of clinical outcome","volume":"70","author":"Arsanjani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"R6-20250827","first-page":"498614","article-title":"Anxiety in children undergoing VCUG: Sedation or no sedation?","author":"Herd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv Urol 2008"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"R8-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.1.73","article-title":"Midazolam nasal spray reduces procedural anxiety in children","volume":"105","author":"Ljungman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R9-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1998.tb03900.x","article-title":"Sedation in children: Current concepts","volume":"18","author":"Bhatt-Mehta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"R10-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2004.00466.x","article-title":"The role of parental presence in the context of children's medical procedures: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Piira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"R11-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pec.0000210178.86504.80","article-title":"Parental presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation: Attitudes of health care professionals in Turkey","volume":"22","author":"Egemen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"R12-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/25.8.535","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral and behavioral interventions help young children cope during a voiding cystourethrogram","volume":"25","author":"Zelikovsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"R13-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1998.tb00971.x","article-title":"Distress and the micturating cystourethrogram: Does preparation help?","volume":"87","author":"Phillips","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"R14-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200210000-00008","article-title":"Factors associated with young children's long-term recall of an invasive medical procedure: A preliminary investigation","volume":"23","author":"Salmon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"R15-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0818","article-title":"Hypnosis reduces distress and duration of an invasive medical procedure for children","volume":"115","author":"Butler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R16-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsj081","article-title":"Brief report: Optimizing children's memory and management of an invasive medical procedure: The influence of procedural narration and distraction","volume":"31","author":"Salmon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"R17-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6155.1999.tb00042.x","article-title":"Parent behavior and child distress during urethral catheterization","volume":"4","author":"Kleiber","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Soc Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"R18-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.58.5.565","article-title":"Behavioral intervention to reduce child and parent distress during venipuncture","volume":"58","author":"Manne","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"R19-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200204000-00031","article-title":"American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists","volume":"96","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R20-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.88.6.1172","article-title":"Midazolam for conscious sedation during pediatric oncology procedures: Safety and recovery parameters","volume":"88","author":"Sievers","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R21-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(94)70235-7","article-title":"Efficacy of rectal midazolam for the sedation of preschool children undergoing laceration repair","volume":"24","author":"Shane","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"R22-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2014.04.004","article-title":"Pain and anxiety management for pediatric dental procedures using various combinations of sedative drugs: A review","volume":"24","author":"Gazal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm J"},{"issue":"4 Pt 2","key":"R23-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000176595.49213.13","article-title":"Sedation during voiding cystourethrography: Comparison of the efficacy and safety of using oral midazolam and continuous flow nitrous oxide","volume":"174","author":"Keidan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R24-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.05.1216","article-title":"Conscious sedation reduces distress in children undergoing voiding cystourethrography and does not interfere with the diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux: A randomized controlled study","volume":"187","author":"Herd","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"R25-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-003-0874-0","article-title":"Sedation with midazolam for voiding cystourethrography in children: A randomised double-blind study","volume":"33","author":"Stokland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"R26-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199607000-00036","article-title":"Reversal of a paradoxical reaction to midazolam with flumazenil","volume":"83","author":"Thurston","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R27-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1996.04325.x","article-title":"The effects of intranasal midazolam on urodynamic studies in children","volume":"78","author":"Bozkurt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"R28-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-005-1874-0","article-title":"Premedication during micturating cystourethrogram to achieve sedation and anxiolysis","volume":"20","author":"Akil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"R29-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(06)00584-2","article-title":"Voiding ability using propofol sedation in children undergoing voiding cystourethrograms: A retrospective analysis","volume":"176","author":"Merguerian","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"R30-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000068720.10881.b3","article-title":"Effectiveness of lidocaine lubricant for discomfort during pediatric urethral catheterization","volume":"170","author":"Gerard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R31-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211822","article-title":"Procedural pain guidelines for the newborn in the United Kingdom","volume":"28","author":"McKechnie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"R32-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000136471.36680.97","article-title":"Preoperative anxiety and emergence delirium and postoperative maladaptive behaviors","volume":"99","author":"Kain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R33-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200009000-00016","article-title":"Midazolam: Effects on amnesia and anxiety in children","volume":"93","author":"Kain","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R34-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2015.11.011","article-title":"A randomized trial examining preoperative sedative medication and postoperative sleep in children","volume":"30","author":"Min","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"}],"container-title":["Journal of Research in Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01222967-201722000-00042","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:25:23Z","timestamp":1787837123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01222967-201722000-00042"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1735-1995.202139","relation":{},"ISSN":["1735-1995","1735-7136"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1735-1995","type":"print"},{"value":"1735-7136","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-02-20","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-12-02","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}