{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:32:19Z","timestamp":1787758339870,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Subcutaneous infections caused by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Scedosporium apiospermum<\/jats:italic>\n                      present as chronic eumycetomatous manifestations in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Serious adverse effects\/toxicities from the long-term use of antifungal drugs and antifungal resistance have been reported in patients with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. apiospermum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections. The present study aimed to determine the anti-\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. apiospermum<\/jats:italic>\n                      activities of fungal quorum sensing molecule known as tryptophol (TOH) and to develop a TOH-containing emulgel for treating\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. apiospermum<\/jats:italic>\n                      eumycetoma.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Experimental approach:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Anti-\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. apiospermum<\/jats:italic>\n                      activities of TOH were determined and compared with voriconazole. Effects of TOH on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. apiospermum<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilm formation and human foreskin fibroblast (HFF)-1 cell cytotoxicity were determined. Moreover, TOH-containing emulgel was developed and physical properties,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      antifungal activities against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. apiospermum<\/jats:italic>\n                      eumycetoma were evaluated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings\/Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The minimal concentration of TOH at 100 \u00b5M exhibited anti-\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. apiospermum<\/jats:italic>\n                      activities by reducing growth rate, germination rate, and biofilm formation with less cytotoxicity to HFF-1 cells than voriconazole. Further study on the development of an emulgel revealed that TOH-containing emulgel exhibited excellent physical properties including homogeneity, consistency, and stability. Treatment by TOH-containing emulgel significantly reduced subcutaneous mass in a mouse model of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. apiospermum<\/jats:italic>\n                      eumycetoma. The histopathological assessment showed marked improvement after 14 days of TOH-containing emulgel treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and implications:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TOH could be used as an anti-fungal agent against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. apiospermum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections. A novel and stable TOH-containing emulgel was developed with excellent anti-\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. apiospermum<\/jats:italic>\n                      activities suggesting the utilization of TOH-containing emulgel as an innovative therapeutic approach in the treatment of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. apiospermum<\/jats:italic>\n                      eumycetoma.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.359437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:43:11Z","timestamp":1666572191000},"page":"707-722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development and efficacy of tryptophol-containing emulgel for reducing subcutaneous fungal nodules from Scedosporium apiospermum eumycetoma"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Thitinan","family":"Kitisin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Watcharamat","family":"Muangkaew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumate","family":"Ampawong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nichapa","family":"Sansurin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natthawut","family":"Thitipramote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Passanesh","family":"Sukphopetch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-10-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7010023","article-title":"Scedosporium and Lomentospora infections: contemporary microbiological tools for the diagnosis of invasive disease","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel"},{"key":"R2-10-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780600752507","article-title":"Scedosporium apiospermum: changing clinical spectrum of a therapy-refractory opportunist","volume":"44","author":"Guarro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"R3-10-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00039-07","article-title":"Infections caused by Scedosporium spp","volume":"21","author":"Cortez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R4-10-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2018.02.015","article-title":"Pseudallescheria\/Scedosporium complex species: from saprobic to pathogenic fungus","volume":"28","author":"Luplertlop","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"key":"R5-10-20240909","first-page":"484","article-title":"Conidial germination in Scedosporium apiospermum, S","volume":"111","author":"Mello","year":"2016","journal-title":"aurantiacum, S. minutisporum and Lomentospora prolificans: influence of growth conditions and antifungal susceptibility profiles. 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