{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:35:59Z","timestamp":1789050959197,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One strategy to overcome methotrexate (MTX) resistance in acute lymphoblastic leukemia is suppressing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MDR1<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression. It has been proved\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Astragalus<\/jats:italic>\n                      polysaccharides (APS) exert their anticancer effect by reversing drug resistance. Due to the structural similarity of tragacanthin and bassorin with APS, we aimed to investigate the effects of the aforementioned polysaccharides on the expression of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MDR1<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene in the MTX-treated CCRF-CEM cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Experimental approach:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cytotoxicity of APS, bassorin, and tragacanthin on CCRF-CEM, CCRF-CEM\/MTX (cells treated with MTX at IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and CCRF-CEM\/R cells (CCRF-CEM cells resistant to MTX) was evaluated by MTT assay. The effect of all three compounds on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MDR1<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression was evaluated using RT-PCR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings\/Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All the concentrations of tragacanthin, bassorin, and APS (except at 0.8-100 \u03bcg\/mL in CCRF-CEM) decreased the viability of all the cells compared to the negative control group; and against the positive control (MTX-treated cells), only bassorin at 20-100 \u03bcg\/mL in CCRF-CEM\/R and tragacanthin at 50 and 100 \u03bcg\/mL in CCRF-CEM\/MTX and at 2-100 \u03bcg\/mL in CCRF-CEM\/R decreased cell viability. Tragacanthin diminished\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MDR1<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression in CCRF-CEM\/MTX and CCRF-CEM\/R cells, which MTX had already induced.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and implication:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      According to the results of this study, tragacanthin was a potent cytotoxic agent against CCRF-CEM cells and enhanced the chemosensitivity of CCRF-CEM\/MTX and CCRF-CEM\/R cells to MTX by down-regulation of MDR1 gene expression. Therefore, it could be a promising compound against cancer. Other possible mechanisms of action of tragacanthin should be evaluated and further\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      investigations are required.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.378085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T05:42:10Z","timestamp":1685598130000},"page":"381-391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The effects of Astragalus polysaccharides, tragacanthin, and bassorin on methotrexate-resistant acute lymphoblastic leukemia"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Bahareh","family":"Samii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Jafarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran."},{"name":"Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Rabbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran."},{"name":"Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behzad","family":"Zolfaghari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soheila","family":"Rahgozar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, I.R. Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elnaz","family":"Pouraboutaleb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, I.R. Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1-20240909","first-page":"103269","article-title":"Selective dysregulation of ABC transporters in methotrexate-resistant leukemia T-cells can confer cross-resistance to cytarabine, vincristine and dexamethasone, but not doxorubicin","volume":"69","author":"Aberuyi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Res Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.251853","article-title":"Pterostilbene increases Fas expression in T-lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines","volume":"14","author":"Ramezani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref3-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2020.247031","article-title":"Pediatric acute lymphoblastic 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tumor","volume":"22","author":"Duan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref38-20240909","first-page":"733","article-title":"Effect of Astragalus injection combined with chemotherapy on quality of life in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"23","author":"Zou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref39-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-015-0158-9","article-title":"Methotrexate resistance in relation to treatment outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"8","author":"Wojtuszkiewicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref40-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1994.462","article-title":"P-glycoprotein and glutathione S-transferase pi in childhood acute lymphoblastic 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