{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T16:19:38Z","timestamp":1758817178411},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["cytojournal.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n<jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cancer of the cervix is the most common cancer in women in Swaziland where most women never undergo cervical screening. The extremely high prevalence of HIV\/AIDS in Swaziland complicates the management of preinvasive and invasive cervical cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess the current status of cervical cytology in Swaziland, its strengths and limitations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n<jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study is a retrospective review of 12,188 conventional cervical smears received by the Central Public Health Laboratory in Swaziland from June 2004 to May 2006.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n<jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Review of results showed very high rates of cytologic abnormalities with 43.2% of smears screened reported as abnormal. The percentages of abnormalities were as follows: atypical squamous cells of undermined significance (ASC-US), 19.8%; atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude HSILs (ASC-H), 8.8%; low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 9.0%; high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), 4.6%; squamous cell carcinomas, 0.5%; atypical endocervical cells, 0.6%; and atypical endometrial cells, 0.4%. Just over 5% of smears were inadequate. The highest rates of HSILs and invasive squamous carcinoma occurred in women aged 50\u201359 years.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study underscores the need to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and its precursor lesions in Swaziland women. Based on studies of human papillomavirus (HPV) types in other Southern African countries, current HPV vaccines would reduce the incidence and mortality from cervical cancer in the future, but cervical screening would still be required, both for women already infected with the HPV and for HPV subtypes not covered by current vaccines. The most cost-effective combination of screening modalities such as visual inspection, HPV DNA testing, and cytology should be investigated. Cervical cancer reduction needs to be managed within the greater framework of the HIV\/AIDS epidemic.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/1742-6413.54916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,6]],"date-time":"2009-08-06T10:04:24Z","timestamp":1249553064000},"page":"14","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The status of cervical cytology in Swaziland, Southern Africa: A descriptive study"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Okonda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Swaziland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colleen","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pam","family":"Michelow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cytology Unit, Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.4103\/1742-6413.54916\/ref-1","article-title":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)","volume-title":"GLOBOCAN 2002: Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide","author":"Ferlay","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.4103\/1742-6413.54916\/ref-2","volume-title":"Cancer Incidence in Five Continents","volume":"vol 8","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.4103\/1742-6413.54916\/ref-3","volume-title":"World Cancer Report","author":"Steward","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.4103\/1742-6413.54916\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdp.2005.07.001","article-title":"Effective cervical cytology screening in middle-income countries: The Chilean experience","volume":"29","author":"Sepulveda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Detect Prev"},{"key":"10.4103\/1742-6413.54916\/ref-5","volume-title":"Geography Atlas for Swaziland","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.4103\/1742-6413.54916\/ref-6","article-title":"Swaziland population census 2007","journal-title":"Central Statistic Office"},{"key":"10.4103\/1742-6413.54916\/ref-7","article-title":"Swaziland Cancer Registry 1979-83","volume-title":"Cancer Occurrence in Developing Countries","author":"Peers","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.4103\/1742-6413.54916\/ref-8","article-title":"Population-based cancer registry in Swaziland, 1996-99","volume-title":"Cancer in Africa: Epidemiology and Prevention. 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