{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:28:27Z","timestamp":1787758107454,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There are limited treatment options for women with severely diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) who experience repeatedly failed\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      fertilization (IVF) cycles and with persistently thin endometrial lining thickness (EMT) during frozen embryo transfer cycles. Therefore, a large majority of patients resort to using donor oocytes and gestational carriers. Data from existing animal and human studies suggest that ozone sauna therapy (OST) and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF) are emerging as potential therapeutic adjuncts for female reproduction. This study was conducted to assess the fertility outcome of OST + PEMF\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      in patients undergoing IVF\/frozen embryo transfe and the effects of OST\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      on human granulosa cell (GC) function. Forty-four women with DOR underwent their 1\n                      <jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\n                      IVF cycle (Cycle 1), and then were administered transdermal and intravaginal OST + PEMF, twice a week for 3 weeks, followed by a 2\n                      <jats:sup>nd<\/jats:sup>\n                      IVF cycle (Cycle 2) using the same protocol as in Cycle 1. GCs collected from another six women who underwent egg retrieval were equally split and cultured with OST (test) or placed in room temperature (control) outside the OST chamber in the same room. The results demonstrated that Cycles 1 and 2 had no significant difference in the number of days of stimulation, baseline hormones measured, number of oocytes retrieved or peak estradiol levels. However, the number of embryos formed after OST + PEMF in Cycle 2 was significantly higher than the Cycle 1. Furthermore, EMT measured in Cycle 2 demonstrated a significant increase compared to Cycle 1 and all patients reached a satisfactory EMT of approximately 7 mm.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      studies demonstrated that OST led to a 5-fold significant increase in the aromatase enzyme while a significant 50% reduction was noted in the side-chain cleavage enzyme in GCs. Both OST + PEMF are known for their vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant actions, which could enhance endometrial receptivity and increase the number of formed embryos without increasing the number of oocytes retrieved, suggesting an improvement in oocyte quality. Finally, ozone can alter genes involved in steroidogenesis suggesting that it could improve ovarian function.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-9912.350862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T05:00:55Z","timestamp":1657688455000},"page":"202-207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ozone sauna therapy and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy could potentially improve outcome in women with diminished ovarian reserve undergoing assisted reproductive technology"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ashini R.","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantine","family":"Bitsaktsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniella","family":"Emdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Bosman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre Hugo","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaher","family":"Merhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-9-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.82319","article-title":"Ozone therapy: a clinical review","volume":"2","author":"Elvis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Nat Sci Biol Med"},{"key":"R2-9-20240907","first-page":"59","article-title":"Ozone therapy in periodontics","volume":"5","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Life"},{"key":"R3-9-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.5005\/jcdp-9-4-75","article-title":"Ozone therapy in medicine and dentistry","volume":"9","author":"Nogales","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Contemp Dent Pract"},{"key":"R4-9-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-9912.215752","article-title":"Ozone therapy: an overview of pharmacodynamics, current research, and clinical utility","volume":"7","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Gas Res"},{"key":"R5-9-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-9912-1-6","article-title":"Oxygen\/ozone as a medical gas mixture. 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