{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T07:53:45Z","timestamp":1789631625887,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), the ocular analog of a cerebral stroke, is an ophthalmic emergency. The visual prognosis for overall spontaneous visual recovery in CRAO is low. Furthermore, the risk of future ischemic heart disease and cerebral stroke is increased due to the underlying atherosclerotic risk factors. There is currently no guideline-endorsed treatment for CRAO. This review will describe the anatomy, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical features of CRAO, and investigate the current and future management strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/2211-5056.353126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T06:31:41Z","timestamp":1659335501000},"page":"273-281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A review of the management of central retinal artery occlusion"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Reema","family":"Madike","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudha","family":"Cugati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105531","article-title":"Management of acute central retinal artery occlusion, a \u201cretinal stroke\u201d: An institutional series and literature review","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R2-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00359-1","article-title":"Aggressive systematic treatment for central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"128","author":"Rumelt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.1578","article-title":"Intravenous fibrinolytic therapy in central retinal artery occlusion: A patient-level meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Schrag","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"R4-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.25","article-title":"A review of central retinal artery occlusion: Clinical presentation and management","volume":"27","author":"Varma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye (Lond"},{"key":"R5-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.44.4.193","article-title":"The central artery of the retina. I. Origin and course","volume":"44","author":"Singh","year":"1960","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R6-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1976.03910040227015","article-title":"Cilioretinal arteries. A study based on review of stereo fundus photographs and fluorescein angiographic findings","volume":"94","author":"Justice","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R7-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-012-0202-9","article-title":"Treatment options for central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"15","author":"Cugati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"R8-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2011.05.001","article-title":"Acute retinal arterial occlusive disorders","volume":"30","author":"Hayreh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"R9-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(95)80004-2","article-title":"Retinal artery occlusion","volume":"40","author":"Mangat","year":"1995","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R10-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s40135-017-0135-2","article-title":"Central retinal artery occlusion: Acute management and treatment","volume":"5","author":"Mehta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Ophthalmol Rep"},{"key":"R11-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e282","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000366","article-title":"Management of central retinal artery occlusion: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"52","author":"Mac Grory","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R12-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1446_18","article-title":"Central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"66","author":"Hayreh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R13-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001902","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography angiography to detect macular capillary ischemia in patients with inner retinal changes after resolved diabetic macular edema","volume":"38","author":"Moein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R14-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-021-00323-7","article-title":"Internal limiting membrane detachment in acute central retinal artery occlusion: A novel prognostic sign seen on OCT","volume":"7","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous"},{"key":"R15-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.07.030","article-title":"Paracentral acute middle maculopathy and the ischemic cascade: Toward interventional management","volume":"234","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R16-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1159\/000442803","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography of retinal artery occlusion","volume":"56","author":"Baumal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R17-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00214-8","article-title":"Central retinal artery occlusion. Retinal survival time","volume":"78","author":"Hayreh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"R18-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3928\/1542-8877-20040301-04","article-title":"Visual functions following recovery from non-arteritic central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"35","author":"Landa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging"},{"key":"R19-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0198114","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198114","article-title":"Intravenous thrombolysis in acute central retinal artery occlusion \u2013 A prospective interventional case series","volume":"13","author":"Schultheiss","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R20-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.613653","article-title":"Efficacy of intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator in central retinal artery occlusion: Report from a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R21-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-005-0140-2","article-title":"Multicenter study of the European Assessment Group for Lysis in the Eye (EAGLE) for the treatment of central retinal artery occlusion: Design issues and implications. EAGLE Study report no. 1: EAGLE Study report no. 1","volume":"244","author":"Feltgen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R22-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.028743","article-title":"Intravenous fibrinolysis for central retinal artery occlusion: A cohort study and updated patient-level meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Mac Grory","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R23-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S121307","article-title":"Reversibility of retinal ischemia due to central retinal artery occlusion by hyperbaric oxygen","volume":"11","author":"Hadanny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R24-4-20240830","first-page":"CD001989","article-title":"Interventions for acute non-arteritic central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"2009","author":"Fraser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syste Rev"},{"key":"R25-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2007.01.004","article-title":"Nitric oxide: Ocular blood flow, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy","volume":"26","author":"Toda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"R26-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1994.tb02768.x","article-title":"Retinal blood velocities during carbogen breathing using scanning laser ophthalmoscopy","volume":"72","author":"Arend","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh"},{"key":"R27-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.79.4.380","article-title":"Rebreathing into a bag increases human retinal macular blood velocity","volume":"79","author":"Harino","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R28-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)30758-0","article-title":"Efficacy of anterior chamber paracentesis and Carbogen in treating acute nonarteritic central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"102","author":"Atebara","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R29-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000000895","article-title":"Case series of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"15","author":"Masters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retin Cases Brief Rep"},{"key":"R30-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2021.0130","article-title":"The effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in patients with central retinal artery occlusion: A retrospective study, systematic review, and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Rosignoli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R31-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.64.12.913","article-title":"Visual prognosis following treatment of acute central retinal artery obstruction","volume":"64","author":"Augsburger","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R32-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.17.5.324","article-title":"Acute occlusion of the retinal arteries: Current concepts and recent advances in diagnosis and management","volume":"17","author":"Beatty","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Accid Emerg Med"},{"key":"R33-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2014207943","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-207943","article-title":"Successful treatment of central retinal artery thromboembolism with ocular massage and intravenous acetazolamide","volume":"2014","author":"Duxbury","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"R34-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6825.506-a","article-title":"High dose steroid bolus given for occlusion of central retinal artery","volume":"304","author":"Pandit","year":"1992","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R35-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2010.02280.x","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcome of current standard management of central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"38","author":"Rudkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R36-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-14-28","article-title":"Anterior chamber paracentesis after central retinal artery occlusion: A tenable therapy","volume":"14","author":"Fie\u00df","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R37-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.10.030","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography of a central retinal artery occlusion before and after anterior chamber paracentesis","volume":"124","author":"Hwang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R38-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_61_20","article-title":"Conservative treatments for acute nonarteritic central retinal artery occlusion: Do they work","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Taiwan J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R39-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-017-3777-8","article-title":"Treatment of retinal artery occlusion using transluminal Nd: YAG laser: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"255","author":"Man","year":"2017","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R40-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-004-0102-y","article-title":"Visual outcome in central retinal and branch retinal artery occlusion","volume":"48","author":"Yuzurihara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R41-4-20240830","first-page":"1586","article-title":"Vitreous surgery for central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"118","author":"Tang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R42-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.097642","article-title":"Surgical embolus removal in retinal artery occlusion","volume":"90","author":"Garc\u00eda-Arum\u00ed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R43-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001027","article-title":"Thrombolysis for central retinal artery occlusion in 2020: Time is vision","volume":"40","author":"Dumitrascu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"R44-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.06.016","article-title":"Intravenous thrombolysis with low-dose recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"146","author":"Hattenbach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R45-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493016687578","article-title":"Management of acute central retinal artery occlusion: Intravenous thrombolysis is feasible and safe","volume":"12","author":"Pr\u00e9terre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"R46-4-20240830","first-page":"1234","article-title":"Intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator thrombolysis in treatment of central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"120","author":"Kattah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R47-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.009839","article-title":"Retrobulbar spot sign predicts thrombolytic treatment effects and etiology in central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"46","author":"Nedelmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R51-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.505404","article-title":"Local intraarterial fibrinolysis administered in aliquots for the treatment of central retinal artery occlusion: The Johns Hopkins Hospital experience","volume":"39","author":"Aldrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R52-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2014.02.007","article-title":"Interest of local intra-arterial fibrinolysis in acute central retinal artery occlusion: Clinical experience in 16 patients","volume":"42","author":"Mercier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"R53-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100004522","article-title":"Intra-arterial thrombolysis for retinal artery occlusion: The Calgary experience","volume":"32","author":"Pettersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R54-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.03.061","article-title":"Central retinal artery occlusion: Local intra-arterial fibrinolysis versus conservative treatment, a multicenter randomized trial","volume":"117","author":"Schumacher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R55-4-20240830","first-page":"565","article-title":"Superselective intraarterial fibrinolysis in central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"20","author":"Padolecchia","year":"1999","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"R56-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.037135","article-title":"Comparison of intra-arterial thrombolysis with conventional treatment in patients with acute central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"76","author":"Arnold","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R57-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90165-3","article-title":"Treatment of retinal arterial occlusion with local fibrinolysis using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator","volume":"106","author":"Richard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R58-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S272126","article-title":"Intra-arterial tissue plasminogen activator for central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"15","author":"Sobol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R59-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00076","article-title":"Intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute central retinal artery occlusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Page","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R60-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0473-5","article-title":"Comment re: Multicenter study of the European Assessment Group for Lysis in the Eye (EAGLE) for the treatment of central retinal artery occlusion: Design issues and implications","volume":"245","author":"Hayreh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R61-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1159\/000489696","article-title":"Retinal endovascular surgery with tissue plasminogen activator injection for central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"9","author":"Takata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R62-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1177\/112067211002000603","article-title":"Ocular neovascularization following central retinal artery occlusion: Prevalence and timing of onset","volume":"20","author":"Rudkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R63-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2016.30.5.352","article-title":"Incidence and clinical features of neovascularization of the iris following acute central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"30","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R64-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.03.006","article-title":"Retinal artery occlusion: Associated systemic and ophthalmic abnormalities","volume":"116","author":"Hayreh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R65-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2009.142","article-title":"Vascular risk factors for central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"24","author":"Rudkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eye (Lond"},{"key":"R66-4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.11.2","article-title":"Risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, and death among patients with retinal artery occlusion and the effect of antithrombotic treatment","volume":"10","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"}],"container-title":["Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/2211-5056.353126","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:07:04Z","timestamp":1787756824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/2211-5056.353126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2211-5056.353126","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-5056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-5056","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}}}