{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:22:43Z","timestamp":1791238963807,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indian Dermatol Online J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.126020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,29]],"date-time":"2014-01-29T07:21:45Z","timestamp":1390980105000},"page":"7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: An update"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"CarinaM","family":"Gr\u00f6nhagen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippa","family":"Nyberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-1","first-page":"1409","volume-title":"Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: A cutaneous marker for a distinct lupus erythematosus subset","author":"Sontheimer","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-2","first-page":"471","volume-title":"Distinctive cutaneous subsets in the spectrum of lupus erythematosus","author":"Gilliam","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-3","first-page":"441","volume-title":"The 100 th anniversary of lupus erythematosus tumidus","author":"Kuhn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-4","first-page":"417","volume-title":"The spectrum of cutaneous manifestations in lupus erythematosus-the Italian experience","author":"Cardinali","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-5","first-page":"1335","volume-title":"Cutaneous lupus erythematosus and the association with systemic lupus erythematosus: A population-based cohort of 1088 patients in Sweden","author":"Gronhagen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-6","first-page":"249","volume-title":"Incidence of cutaneous lupus erythematosus, 1965-2005: A population-based study","author":"Durosaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-7","first-page":"433","volume-title":"Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: Understanding of clinical features, genetic basis, and pathobiology of disease guides therapeutic strategies","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-8","first-page":"1250","volume-title":"Nationwide population-based epidemiologic study of systemic lupus erythematosus in Taiwan","author":"Chiu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-9","first-page":"1814","volume-title":"A population-based assessment of systemic lupus erythematosus incidence and prevalence--results and implications of using administrative data for epidemiological studies","author":"Bernatsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-10","first-page":"200","volume-title":"Cutaneous lupus: Insights into pathogenesis and disease classification","author":"Werth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-11","first-page":"1012","volume-title":"The interferon-alpha signature of systemic lupus erythematosus","author":"Obermoser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obermoser G. Lupus erythematosus and the skin: A journey at times perplexing, usually complex, often challenging, and evermore exhilarating. Lupus 2010;19:1009-11.","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203310373108"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"In: Kuhn A, Lehmann P, Ruzicka T, editors. Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus. Dusseldorf: Springer; 2005.","DOI":"10.1007\/b137847"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-14","first-page":"560","volume-title":"Complement deficiencies and systemic lupus erythematosus","author":"Truedsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-15","first-page":"429","volume-title":"Skin manifestations of systemic autoimmune connective tissue disease: Diagnostics and therapeutics","author":"Sontheimer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-16","first-page":"373","volume-title":"Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: A review","author":"Patel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-17","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Genetic background of cutaneous forms of lupus erythematosus: Update on current evidence","author":"Osmola","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Appl Genet"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-18","first-page":"e14212","volume-title":"Polymorphisms of the ITGAM gene confer higher risk of discoid cutaneous than of systemic lupus erythematosus","author":"Jarvinen","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-19","first-page":"664","volume-title":"Serologic and HLA associations in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, a clinical subset of lupus erythematosus","author":"Sontheimer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-20","first-page":"253","volume-title":"Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: 25-year evolution of a prototypic subset (subphenotype) of lupus erythematosus defined by characteristic cutaneous, pathological, immunological, and genetic findings","author":"Sontheimer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-21","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Pathophysiology of cutaneous lupus erythematosus","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-22","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus","author":"David-Bajar","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-23","first-page":"1020","volume-title":"Pathogenesis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: Common and different features in distinct subsets","author":"Wenzel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-24","first-page":"389","volume-title":"Pathogenesis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus","author":"Kuhn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-25","first-page":"118","volume-title":"Association between discoid lupus erythematosus and cigarette smoking","author":"Miot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-26","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Report of an association between discoid lupus erythematosus and smoking","author":"Gallego","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-27","first-page":"1012","volume-title":"Association of cigarette smoking but not alcohol consumption with cutaneous lupus erythematosus","author":"Boeckler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-28","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Lupus erythematosus induced by medications, ultraviolet radiation, and other exogenous agents: A review, with special focus on the development of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus in a genetically predisposed individual","author":"Shapiro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-29","unstructured":"Oke V. Studies on molecular regulation of inflammation in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet; 2011."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-30","first-page":"296","volume-title":"Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and its association to drugs: A population-based matched case-control study of 234 patients in Sweden","author":"Gronhagen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-31","first-page":"1050","volume-title":"Overview of common, rare and atypical manifestations of cutaneous lupus erythematosus and histopathological correlates","author":"Obermoser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-32","first-page":"66","volume-title":"1 st International Conference on Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Dusseldorf, Germany, September 1-5, 2004","author":"Kuhn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-33","first-page":"324","volume-title":"Classification of specific cutaneous manifestations in patients with lupus erythematosus: A time for change.The concept of dermal lupus erythematosus?","author":"Lipsker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-34","first-page":"355","volume-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus","author":"Yell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-35","first-page":"348","volume-title":"Lupus erythematosus: Systemic and cutaneous manifestations","author":"Rothfield","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-36","first-page":"1265","volume-title":"Lupus erythematosus and toxic epidermal necrolysis","author":"Bielsa","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-37","first-page":"365","volume-title":"Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: Issues in diagnosis and treatment","author":"Walling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-38","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of Lupus Erythematosus","author":"Kuhn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Handbook Syst Autoimmun Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-39","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Subsets of lupus erythematosus: Clinical, serologic, and immunologic considerations","author":"Callen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Adv Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-40","first-page":"14","volume-title":"Anti-Ro (SS-A) HLA-DR3-positive women: the interrelationship between some ANA negative, SS, SCLE, and NLE mothers and SS\/LE overlap female patients","author":"Provost","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-41","first-page":"158","volume-title":"Cutaneous diseases in adults associated with anti-Ro\/SS-A autoantibody production","author":"McCauliffe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-42","first-page":"1124","volume-title":"Clinical manifestations of cutaneous lupus erythematosus","author":"Kuhn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-43","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Comparative analysis of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus: Clinical and immunological study of 270 patients","author":"Vera-Recabarren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-44","first-page":"1107","volume-title":"Drug-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus","author":"Callen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-45","unstructured":"In: Bolognia JL, Rapini RP, editor. Dermatology."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-46","first-page":"839","volume-title":"Dermatology position paper on the revision of the 1982 ACR criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus","author":"Albrecht","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-47","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Drug-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: A paradigm for bedside-to-bench patient-oriented translational clinical investigation","author":"Sontheimer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-48","first-page":"792","volume-title":"Serologic follow-up of children born to mothers with Ro\/SSA autoantibodies","author":"Klauninger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-49","first-page":"416","volume-title":"Neonatal lupus syndrome associated with ribonucleoprotein antibodies","author":"Heelan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-50","first-page":"545","volume-title":"Discoid lupus keratitis","author":"Raizman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-51","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Cutaneous lupus erythematosus without systemic lupus erythematosus: Clinical and laboratory features","author":"Wallace","year":"1992","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-52","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: A personal approach to management","author":"Callen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-53","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Immunogenetic findings in cutaneous lupus erythematosus","author":"Bielsa","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-54","first-page":"1281","volume-title":"Pathogenesis of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus","author":"Stavropoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-55","unstructured":"Nyberg F. Photosensitivity in cutaneous lupus erythematosus clinical and experimental studies; 1998."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-56","first-page":"68","volume-title":"Lupus panniculitis: Clinical perspectives from a case series","author":"Martens","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-57","first-page":"364","volume-title":"Skin lesions-an indicator of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus?","author":"Zecevic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-58","first-page":"296","volume-title":"Clinical manifestations of cutaneous lupus erythematosus","author":"Werth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-59","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of lupus: Can you recognize them all?","author":"Myers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Women\u2032s Health Primary Care"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-60","first-page":"408","volume-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: Study from Lahore, Pakistan","author":"Kapadia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-61","first-page":"1271","volume-title":"The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus","author":"Tan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-62","first-page":"2677","volume-title":"Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus","author":"Petri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-63","first-page":"1187","volume-title":"Cutaneous manifestations and serological findings in 260 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","author":"Gronhagen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-64","first-page":"1001","volume-title":"Risk of cancer among rheumatoid arthritis patients in California","author":"Parikh-Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-65","first-page":"1481","volume-title":"An international cohort study of cancer in systemic lupus erythematosus","author":"Bernatsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-66","first-page":"700","volume-title":"Incidental cases of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus in association with malignancy","author":"Renner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-67","first-page":"110","volume-title":"Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus associated with hepatocellular carcinoma","author":"Ho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-68","first-page":"409","volume-title":"Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and cancer: Two cases and literature review","author":"Gantzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-69","first-page":"1053","volume-title":"Increased risk of cancer among 3663 patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus: A Swedish nationwide cohort study","author":"Gronhagen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-70","first-page":"300","volume-title":"Treatment of cutaneous lupus","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-71","first-page":"CD002954","volume-title":"Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus","author":"Jessop","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-72","first-page":"631","volume-title":"The relationship between neurological disease and bullous pemphigoid: A population-based case-control study","author":"Langan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-73","first-page":"889","volume-title":"The CLASI (Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index): An outcome instrument for cutaneous lupus erythematosus","author":"Albrecht","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-74","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Cutaneous lupus and the Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index instrument","author":"Klein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-75","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Development of the CLASI as a tool to measure disease severity and responsiveness to therapy in cutaneous lupus erythematosus","author":"Klein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-76","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Revised Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index (RCLASI): A modified outcome instrument for cutaneous lupus erythematosus","author":"Kuhn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-77","first-page":"84","volume-title":"The lexicon of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: A review and personal perspective on the nomenclature and classification of the cutaneous manifestations of lupus erythematosus","author":"Sontheimer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/2229-5178.126020-78","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Skin manifestations of SLE","author":"Gilliam","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Rheum Dis"}],"container-title":["Indian Dermatology Online Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:23:57Z","timestamp":1786649037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/2229-5178.126020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}},"alternative-id":["126020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2229-5178.126020","relation":{},"ISSN":["2229-5178"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2229-5178","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}}}